Famous Investor Says Gold Could Reach $5,000

John Paulson, who is known as one of the greatest hedge-fund managers of all time and has been called "The Man Who Made Too Much" after making billions betting against mortgage-backed securities is bullish on gold. Paulson said that gold could rise to $5,000 due to the devaluation of paper currencies. Chris Mayer from Daily Wealth discusses this in the following article.

The U.S. dollar is a sort of monetary brand.

And like any other brand, it can fall out of favor. Even iconic brands can rapidly lose their "must-have" cachet. Sometimes, a brand can disappear entirely, as did Pan American Airways or "Members Only" jackets. But there is always something else waiting to take its place. So it is with the U.S. dollar, a brand making lows in the financial markets.

The dollar has been the "Coca-Cola of monetary brands," says James Grant, editor of Grant's Interest Rate Observer. But even the best of brands can be lousy investments. Grant uses the analogy of the New York Times. It was the greatest name in newspapers. In 2002, the stock sold for $53 per share – an all-time high, as it turned out. Today, the "Gray Lady" fetches only $8 per share.

"What happened?" Grant asked. The World Wide Web happened, he says. "The Times has hundreds of reporters, but this is a story they seem to have missed." As if the lowly stock price was not evidence enough of its decline, the NY Times got another reminder when it borrowed $225 million against its headquarters building.

The cost of such borrowing, Grant reports, was 14%. The august Times today borrows at rates no better than a working-class stiff at a pawnshop. The U.S. Treasury should take note. The government seems as intent on creating dollars as prolifically as bunnies create other bunnies.

Here we get to John Paulson, a presenter at the Grant's Fall Investment Conference and undoubtedly the richest man in the room. Portfolio magazine dubbed him "The Man Who Made Too Much" after he made $3.7 billion by betting against mortgage-backed securities (MBS). He is one of the greatest hedge-fund managers ever.

Gold is his favorite today. As to why, Paulson presented a simple, but compelling case. First, the monetary base has exploded in a way we've never seen before. The monetary base is essentially the Federal Reserve Bank's currency and reserves. The Fed, by buying up securities in this crisis, has pumped a lot of money into the economy.



You've probably seen this chart, or some variation of it. Still, there haven't been noticeable signs of inflation as a result of that big spike – not yet.

As Paulson explained, that's because this base money has not yet been lent out and multiplied throughout the economy. Yet the monetary base and money supply are highly correlated, "almost 1-to-1 between the two," Paulson said.

That means that as the monetary base expands, the money supply surely follows, though there is a lag. (Money supply is a broader measure of money than just the monetary base, as it includes personal deposits and more. The monetary base is like a kind of monetary yeast. It makes money supply rise.)

If money supply grows faster than the economy, that will create inflation, says Paulson. As it is impossible for the economy to grow anywhere near that vertical spike in the monetary base, Paulson contends inflation is coming.

The U.S. is not alone in its money-printing exercise. The supply of most currencies is expanding rapidly – even the normally tame Swiss franc. In the race of paper currencies, they are all dogs. Hence Paulson's interest in gold, which no government can make on a whim.

Therefore, in the content of the exploding monetary base, gold seems relatively cheap. In other words, as the money supply rises, so does the price of gold, eventually. As a result, says Paulson, "gold has been a perfect hedge against inflation."

There is some slippage over time. The gold price can change faster or slower than the money supply. But when the market gets worried about inflation, the gold price usually changes much faster – as happened in the 1970s. In 1973 – to pick a typical year – inflation was 9% and gold rose 67%. That was a pattern common in the 1970s.

The potential for inflation this time around is greater than it was in the 1970s, given that the growth in the monetary base is so much greater than it was in the 1970s. Gold could do much better this time around, reaching "$3,000 or $4,000, or $5,000 per ounce" as Paulson said.

Future historians will look back at the present day and see clearly how this unfolded. They will see the litany of news items that pointed to the dollar losing its top perch: China and Brazil are settling up trade in their own currencies. The Russians and others are openly calling for a new monetary standard. Even mainstream outlets are discussing alternatives to a dollar-based standard, a province once solely occupied by cranks and gold bugs. Not a week goes by without these kinds of stories.

As for a replacement waiting in the wings, Grant offers up gold. Indeed, a kind of "de facto gold standard" seems to be taking shape. The SPDR Gold Trust, the largest gold-backed security in the world, is now the sixth largest holder of the metal in the world. Anybody with a brokerage account can easily buy gold today through the trust, which trades on the NYSE under the ticker GLD.

It's still early. Most people still own no or very little gold. As it becomes clearer what's happening, they will buy more gold, especially as it is now easy to do so.

The gold supply, too, is limited against the vast pool of dollars. As Paulson points out, global money supply is 72 times the value of gold. I'm betting that gap will narrow. It only has to narrow a smidgen and the gold price flies.

As Grant eloquently put it: "Gold is a speculation. But it is a speculation on a certainty: the debasement of the currency." Gold stocks, too, are a speculation. But they are a speculation on an inevitably higher gold price.

This post has been republished from Daily Wealth.

The Shrinking Purchasing Power Of Dollar Vs Gold

Since the U.S. closed the dollar-for-gold convertibility standard in 1971, the value of the U.S. dollar has consistently eroded, while the purchasing price of gold has increased over the past three decades. With government borrowing at an all time high and the purchasing power of the U.S. dollar expected to decline significantly, investors would be wise to consider investing in the enduring value of gold. Jeff Clark writing for Daily Wealth discusses this below.

In August, the U.S. dollar celebrated its 38th anniversary as a fiat currency.

When Roosevelt issued his infamous 1933 presidential diktat, forcing delivery (confiscation) of gold owned by private citizens to the government in exchange for compensation, gold was $20.67 per ounce. In January 1934, the price was raised to $35 per ounce. The U.S. government pocketed the difference – and essentially devalued the dollar by 69%.

Yet the dollar remained convertible, and foreign central banks could redeem their dollar reserves for gold. This presented no problem when the U.S. was running trade surpluses and foreigners didn't have many dollars to exchange for gold. But in 1965, France's President Charles de Gaulle started aggressively exchanging his country's dollars for gold and loudly encouraged other countries to do likewise. That year, U.S. gold holdings fell to a 26-year low.

Several schemes were tried to stop the drain on the U.S.'s hoard, including lifting the price to $42 per ounce early in 1971, but nothing worked. The run on the dollar did not abate.

With the U.S. unable to eliminate its trade deficit, Nixon was faced with the stark reality of another dollar devaluation. He opted instead to close the gold window on August 15, 1971, ending dollar-for-gold convertibility. The dollar was suddenly off the gold standard, and half of U.S. gold holdings had disappeared. The greenback began to "float," meaning it wasn't tied to any standard and could be printed at will.

So how's it done since then?

The following chart tracks what has happened to the purchasing power of the dollar and gold since the gold standard ended in 1971. After adjusting for inflation, you can plainly see the erosion of a dollar bill, now able to purchase only 18 cents of what it did in 1971, vs. an ounce of gold, which has not only stood up but increased in purchasing power.



Purchasing Power of Gold vs Dollar

There are two overriding conclusions from this chart:

• The dollar has consistently lost value since coming off the gold standard.

• While gold's price has fluctuated, its purchasing power has endured. This fact will not change and is the reason you should own physical gold. It's what I call the four Ps: your Personal Purchasing Power Protection.

At Casey Research, we believe the dollar must go lower over the coming years. Since the end of August 2008, the past year, the U.S. monetary base (coins, paper money, and central bank reserves) has swelled from about $800 billion to $1.7 trillion. This is the largest expansion in history and a staggering devaluation of the dollar.

And as you already know, we're also taking on unprecedented amounts of debt. Year-to-date government spending is $2.9 trillion, while tax revenue is only $1.6 trillion. But that's nothing compared to the massive unfunded liabilities (meaning, they are not covered by an asset of equal or greater value) of Medicare, Medicaid, Social Security, and prescription drugs. Liabilities from this trio total $105.7 trillion.

Taking on debt is like getting a tattoo: It doesn't go away, and it's pretty painful to get rid of. The only way the U.S. government can get rid of its tattoos is by paying them off with greatly diluted dollars.

There are a lot of uncertainties about how this situation will play out. But the future purchasing power of gold is not one of them.

This post has been republished from Daily Wealth.

The Growing Risk Of The Dollar

The unsustainable growth of the national debt that has risen to about $120,000 per household is a significant threat to the value of the US dollar. Porter Stansberry from Daily Wealth argues that the debt could grow to $20 trillion in the next 8 years, which will lead to high inflation and destroy an unprecedented amount of wealth held in dollars.

At the end of last year, I began writing about what I saw happening as the Federal Reserve started assuming the liabilities of the investment banks and the federal government began deficit spending at an unprecedented pace.

I've been calling these changes the "End of America" because I believe the fiscal policies of the U.S. will result in a massive devaluation of the dollar and the end of the U.S. dollar as the world's reserve currency.

To get an idea of why I'm concerned, have a look at a chart James Bullard, president of the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, included in a recent presentation to the National Association for Business Economics.

What you see here is Bullard's estimate of the future growth of Federal Reserve assets.

A lot of people seem to have forgotten something that is very much on Bullard's mind: The growth of the Fed's balance sheet isn't nearly finished. In fact, the Fed has only completed purchasing about half of the $1.75 trillion worth of assets it has promised to buy. The assets are mostly mortgages and mortgage-related securities.

Even though these direct purchases are unprecedented, that's only about 10% of the story. Since the beginning of the crisis, the Fed has lent, spent, or guaranteed $11.6 trillion.

That includes providing a backstop on the entire system of mortgage finance in the United States, a system that currently shows nearly a $1 trillion loss.

Since the expansion of its balance sheet got started in earnest last fall, the trade-weighed value of the dollar has fallen 15%. Keep in mind, the Fed's assets form the base of our monetary system. The more it grows, the more money and credit become available to the banking system. And the faster the money supply grows, the more likely the value of the dollar will continue to fall.

As Bullard points out, a doubling of the monetary base won't necessarily cause an immediate doubling of inflation... But suppose it takes 10 years? The average inflation rate would still be 7% a year. If inflation does grow to this average level, at least a few of those years will see inflation running at or near double digits.

Nothing in our financial markets is prepared for this kind of inflation. Inflation at these rates would cause the average multiple of earnings for equities to fall by at least 50%. Likewise, we would see high-yield corporate bonds yielding at least 20% – double what they are now. And U.S. Treasuries would probably see their yields triple. The destruction of wealth in the bond markets would be unprecedented in modern finance.

It's going to happen. I guarantee it.

My forecast only assumes the Fed's actions don't continue past what's been announced so far. My bigger concern is what happens if Congress decides the Fed did such a good job fixing the housing bubble that perhaps it should lend a hand on health care or the entitlement time bomb? Although a small handful of people have been writing about the enormous fiscal challenges that all the Western democracies face over the next decade, I'm sure most of today's equity investors don't really understand what lies ahead.

Consider these numbers: Right now, today, without counting any of the unfunded liabilities of our government (which are very real obligations, by the way), our national debt is $12 trillion. There are roughly 100 million American households. So that's a national debt of roughly $120,000 per family. That's more than the average American owes on his mortgage.

Think about what this means in terms of interest payments. Even with interest rates at all-time lows around the world, the U.S. will spend almost $400 billion on interest to service our existing national debt – that's a 3.3% interest rate. Currently, the U.S. takes in roughly $2 trillion in taxes, half of which come from income taxes. So the interest on our debt is already consuming 20% of all tax receipts, or 40% of all income taxes.

It seems obvious to me this money will never be repaid – could never be repaid. The only real question is how much of a "haircut" our creditors are willing to accept in terms of the loss of purchasing power of the U.S. dollar. So far, inflation remains relatively benign. Our creditors don't seem to be losing very much. But we know this will change and could change rapidly, as the Fed continues to expand its balance sheet with less and less creditworthy assets. At what point will our creditors finally decide they can't finance any more of our deficit spending because we're simply not worth the risk?

No one in Washington realizes you can't borrow money endlessly. By the time Barack Obama leaves office (assuming he is reelected), the national debt will likely exceed $20 trillion. What will our creditors charge us to finance this debt? How will our debts compare to the value of our economy? It is impossible to know what will happen. But here's the one thing that seems most obvious: Our borrowing costs will go up, a lot.

At some point in the next few years, our creditors are going to stop believing in our ability to pay our debts in honest money. I don't know what will break first, but we can't go on printing money to prop up our banks and spending money we don't have to prop up our culture of entitlement.

And I don't believe there's any way to avoid it – certainly not with the political system we have in place right now. To protect yourself, you'll have to be very good at managing your assets. You also need to make sure to take the advice we've been issuing for years: Buy and hold plenty of real, honest money that cannot be debased by the government. Buy and hold plenty of gold and silver.

This post has been republished from Steve Sjuggerud's blog, Daily Wealth.

Investors Should Run From The US Dollar

The risk of inflation taking a bite out of your portfolio can be averted by diversifying your dollars into other currencies or gold. David Galland from Casey Research discusses why it can be dangerous to have all your eggs in the dollar basket, and what currencies have the best fundamentals. See the following post from Daily Wealth for more.

Last month, I faced a difficult question: "What are the best foreign currencies we can park cash in?"

At Casey Research, we strongly believe no foreign currency is worth much more than the intrinsic value of the paper it's printed on.

Most governments have followed the lead of the U.S. when it abandoned the gold standard. All of these governments like the flexibility of being able to print money freely and use inflation as a hidden tax on their citizens.

Even conservative Switzerland has progressively uncoupled its currency from the gold that used to back it up (up until 2000, the Swiss central bank had a legal requirement to hold gold reserves equal to 40% of its currency).

That said, in a world where one needs to have access to cash quickly, it makes sense to park one's cash in a basket of currencies as opposed to having it all in U.S. dollars.

While one may speculate on specific currencies, it is very important to remember that short-term volatility is all but impossible to predict.

In the short run, exchange rates are more likely to be affected by government policies than by fundamentals. To anticipate these is a fool's game we would not want to play. And in the long term, the only form of money we want to hold is gold (and silver).

Our recommendation for those who want to diversify their cash holdings is to park a higher percentage of their cash in currencies that have stronger fundamentals than the U.S. dollar, the British pound, or the euro.

We generally like the Canadian dollar and the Australian dollar, as both countries have had relatively more conservative monetary policies than the U.S., the EU, or the UK.

In addition, their economies are strongly dependent on natural resources, which we see as the best hedge against inflation. Canada, for instance, is the United States' largest foreign oil supplier. Australia is full of gold, copper, uranium, and natural gas... all of it easily transportable to China. Over the coming years, these "commodity currencies" will hold up much better than the dollar. So consider these when looking for a dollar alternative.

Another choice would be the Swiss franc, as that country is still conservative and still apparently committed to hold 20% of the value of its paper currency in gold. Over the past three decades, the Swiss franc has held more of its value than most other major currencies in the world; no future guarantees, but a good track record.

Another prudent strategy could be to hedge against short-term volatility and to build a portfolio of currencies that would spread across all major denominations.

The million-dollar question is "Where can I park my cash?" The answer is, "Park it in several different places."

Make sure to keep a good portion of your savings in gold and silver. How much you hold really depends on who you are and what your tolerance for risk is. At this point, almost everybody should have 15% of their money in gold, up to as much as 30%. Importantly, don't chase the price. Inflation won't make itself known for some time, but there will be a lot of volatility in the financial markets, periodically pushing gold back. So, buy on the dips. But buy.

And consider getting diversified into the currencies listed above.

Those are the strategies we recommend. For tactics, Casey Research has found an easy way to park our money in a broad basket of foreign currencies – while retaining maximum flexibility and minimizing transaction costs – is to open World Currency Deposit Accounts or CDs such as those offered by our friends at EverBank.* It's the easiest, most hassle-free way to take the steps I've just outlined.

This post has been republished from Steve Sjuggerud's blog, Daily Wealth.

* David Galland was a founder and former partner of EverBank and still owns an inconsequential amount of stock in the company.

Dollar Could Be Weak For Next Six To 12 Months

While the US economy may be on the way up, the outlook for the dollar is tumbling. According to Giles Keating, head of the Credit Suisse Global Economics and Strategy Group, the dollar could be weakened for the next six to 12 months as international investors find themselves with too many dollars. See the following post from HousingWire Buzzpost for more on this.

After beating up on the brokers, let’s give them a rest and bash the greenbacks!

Well, a report from Credit Suisse may do that for us. When the firm sat down with Giles Keating, the head of Credit Suisse Global Economics and Strategy Group, he noted that the dollar would be the first victim of the global economy’s recovery.

So, does that mean we’re recovering? Keating thinks so, even though he states that the resurgence is starting from a very low base and that we still have lots of unused capacity and high unemployment.

He points to the investors who were left behind by the initial pick-up in the stock market and their eagerness to put their money back to work, and he notes that policy makers have signaled that they would maintain a “very expansive economic policy” that will keep interest rates low and continued fiscal spending.

But the dollar could be left behind, he says. In fact, it’s already showing a downturn.

“The dollar has seen some big downward movements over the last couple of weeks, and although we think that this won’t continue in a straight line, we do think it likely that the dollar will continue to weaken over the next six to 12 months,” Keating says.

Russia and China aren’t helping with their push for a new currency at the recent G20 hearings, and Keating points to the low interest rates, almost zero, set in the US. He says the dollar has always needed an interest rate premium greater than that in Europe in order to remain stable or rise in value.

“Another key reason is that, strangely, as financial conditions get less risky and become more stable, people tend to move out of the dollar,” Keating says. “Moreover, a lot of people put money into the dollar during the crisis, and now they have too many dollars.”

This post has been republished from HousingWire Buzzpost.

Why The Dollar Is About To Rally

With the US is printing money like there's no tomorrow and national debt approaching $12 trillion, conventional wisdom states that the value of the dollar will decrease over time. However, Tom Dyson, from Daily Wealth, makes his case for the coming dollar rally. See the following post to learn more.

My mother has a perfect record of timing the market. She always buys and sells at exactly the wrong time.

She bought technology stocks a week before they collapsed in 2000, for example. And earlier this year, she sold her stock in Royal Bank of Scotland the same week it began a two-month, 300% rally.

When my mom called yesterday, she told me she'd liquidated her stash of dollars and converted them into pounds.

And it's not just her. The whole world, it seems, is bearish on the dollar...

The Daily Sentiment Index measures the percentage of bulls and bears among futures traders. Last week, the Daily Sentiment Index for the Dollar Index showed just 3% bulls... a level that's only been reached five times in the past 20 years, according to Robert Prechter's Elliott Wave Theorist.

Meanwhile, the Daily Sentiment Index showed 90% bulls for the Swiss franc, 91% bulls for the British pound, 96% bulls for the euro, and 98% bulls in the Canadian dollar.

When sentiment gets this lopsided, you can expect a massive trend change. For example, between March and July 2008, bullishness toward the foreign currencies and against the U.S. dollar reached similar levels to where it is today. At its worst, there were just 5% bulls on the Dollar Index.

These sentiment readings marked the start of the largest, most powerful rally in the dollar in 10 years. Here's the chart of the dollar index. It measures the performance of the dollar against a basket of the world's major currencies. Look at this powerful rally...


Now that sentiment has returned to similar levels, I expect we're about to see another huge trend change in the currency markets. The dollar will soar, and the major foreign currencies will decline.

Betting against the euro is my favorite way to play this. Sixteen different countries use the euro... and most of them are experiencing severe economic pain right now. Countries like Ireland and Spain are entering deep depressions. A cheaper currency would help these countries soften their recessions, ease debt loads, and stimulate exports.

Germany is the largest economy in the euro area. It's the world's largest export economy in dollar terms. A high exchange rate hurts the German labor market by making its products uncompetitive.

My bet is, politicians from all the different euro countries are about to put enormous pressure on the independent European Central Bank to ease monetary conditions and manage the euro's exchange rate lower. Some countries may even threaten to leave the euro if the European Central Bank doesn't oblige.

This political pressure will usher us into a new period of weak euro exchange rates. I wouldn't even be surprised to see this pressure push the euro to parity with the dollar again one day.

There's an exchange-traded fund (ETF) for the euro. The symbol is FXE. You can short it, or buy long-dated puts on it. Or you could buy the PowerShares DB US Dollar Index Bullish (UUP). This ETF rises when the Dollar Index rises. As the euro represents 58% of the dollar index's weighting, it's a close proxy.

This post has been republished from Daily Wealth.

Foreign Economies Could Distance Themselves From The Dollar

It is no secret that many countries would like to decrease their dependency on the dollar. For instance, BusinessWeek says China owns $2 trillion in dollar assets and could be a big loser if the dollar was weakened. According to foreign exchange currency expert Kathy Lien, several nations may take action to distance themselves from the dollar in the coming months.

The U.S. dollar has weakened significantly driving many of the major currencies to the highest level in months. Here’s a table illustrating the significance of today’s moves. I expect at least another 2 percent decline in the U.S. dollar against the key currencies (Short and Long Term Outlook for U.S. Dollar).

The fact that USD/JPY is not participating in today’s rally indicates that investors’ distaste for dollars rather than their risk appetite is driving the dollar lower. The modest gains in Dow futures and the sharp rise in gold prices confirm that investors are bailing out of dollars. In my interview with Fox Business 2 days ago, I talked about how the one takeaway from the concern about the credit worthiness of the U.S. is the need for diversification.











Yesterday, a Brazilian official said that the BRIC nations (Brazil, Russia, India and China) could take unilateral action to reduce their dependency of dollars at their summit next month. Brazil has already begun to replace the dollar bilaterally in their trade with China and unfortunately this trend could continue with other nations following suit in the coming weeks and months. The one thing that the financial crisis has taught investors large and small is need for diversification and no one wants to sit with baskets full of dollars waiting for S&P to make an announcement. Sovereign Wealth Funds are taking this to heart which could create a fresh supply of dollars.

This post can also be viewed on kathylien.com.

Why The Yuan Will Become The New Global Currency

Should we be worried that China's yuan will overtake the dollar as the new default global currency? Investment Director of Money Morning, Keith Fitz-Gerald thinks it's not a matter of if but when. In the following article, Fitz-Gerald, makes the argument on why he thinks that the yuan will eventually become the dominant global currency.

China has taken yet another step to transform the yuan into the dominant global currency, a long-term initiative that could ultimately dethrone the dollar as the world’s top unit of exchange.

In the last four months alone, China has signed currency swap agreements worth more than $95 billion (650 billion yuan) with an array of nations - including: Argentina, Brazil, South Korea, Indonesia, Malaysia, Belarus and Hong Kong - that are only too glad to move away from the increasingly shaky U.S. dollar.

For Westerners who are struggling to come to terms with the notion of a disarrayed dollar, the thought of oil, gold or other commodities being priced in yuan instead of dollars has to seem about as likely as having another country put a man on the moon.

But the Chinese yuan is already well on its way to becoming that globally accepted standard unit of exchange and the proverbial genie, as they say, is out of the bottle. In fact, I’d even go so far as to say the dollar’s days of dominance are numbered and with each new round of bailout chicanery, the clock is winding down ever faster.

Asia’s Long-Term View

In such Asian markets as Japan, Hong Kong and Mainland China, the long-term planning that’s an anathema to Corporate America is actually standard fare. During the height of Japan’s dominance in the 1980s, the Western business press - with a touch of derision - wrote about how some Japanese companies routinely formulated business plans with durations of 100 years or more (while working in Asia early in my career, I actually even contributed to several such plans … but that’s another story for another time).

That’s neither here nor there to most people who note smugly that Japan is getting its comeuppance. But what they don’t understand is that Japan is not alone. In fact, many people I talk with are shocked to learn that at a time when the West is still busy handing out Band-Aids in an attempt to deal with the greatest financial crisis on record, China has been quietly and shrewdly reinventing itself with the same kind of long-term vision.

Take commodities, for example. While companies in the United States, Great Britain and Europe are being forced to shed promising assets in order to compensate for massive losses or to pay down debt, cash-rich China has been able to operate as a buyer in a buyer’s market. While the rest of the world has interpreted this as a sign that China’s interested in buying the things it needs to grow, what they have not understood is that China’s also interested in using physical assets as a source of “currency” that offsets an increasingly eviscerated U.S. dollar.

This is actually a double-whammy of sorts, for while the rest of the world has been grappling with the global slowdown, China has been locking up supplies of commodities that are only going to become more scarce (and more valuable) as global demand escalates.

In fact, as I’ve suggested for months, now, China isn’t just going to consume those assets; it’s going to use them as part of the same long-term vision it’s been staking out with regard to its own currency, the yuan, which it fully intends to boost in status to the point where it becomes an internationally accepted currency.

The Once-Dominant Dollar

That’s quite a turn of events.

Even now, despite the travails of the U.S. economy, the dollar remains the world’s most widely held reserve currency and, as such, is the standard unit of exchange in most international transactions. In fact, many non-U.S. firms (such as Airbus SAS) actually price their manufactured products in dollars. And the dollar is the de facto unit of pricing for such commodities as oil (hence the term “petrodollar“). Several countries even use it as their “official” currency.
But the global financial crisis is threatening that dominance.

The United States has already “injected” into the world economy trillions of dollars that are collectively worth more than 60% of this country’s entire gross domestic product (GDP). And the prospect of still more injections for California, GMAC LLC and other “national” interests is extremely worrisome - and not just to millions of Americans, either. If Washington stays on this path, the result will be a currency crisis the likes of which few are capable of imagining and a near-complete devaluation of the once-almighty U.S. dollar.

Ironically, both events will only further embolden China, speeding up its efforts to boost the yuan’s international acceptance.

The “New” Yuan

While some experts may question Beijing’s motives, it’s hard to question China’s long-term strategic vision, since the country is actually being forced to take these steps that ensure its own survival. Unfortunately, our leaders in Washington don’t seem to understand this, so they’re only making matters worse - when they instead could be actively working with China and the world community on this instead of summarily ignoring the fact that the yuan may well be the world’s next reserve currency.

At the very least, China’s currency is likely to be granted a global status on par with the current major currency trading pairs for purposes of settling international transactions, whether the West wants that to happen or not.

I’ve outlined this scenario many times in recent years and, quite frankly, too often received blank stares in return. Most folks here in the West just aren’t prepared to deal with the idea that the U.S. dollar could be finished and that another currency could replace it after more than 60 years of global dominance. But they better get used to the idea - and in a hurry.

China is acutely aware that not having international currency convertibility hampers both its development and - thanks to the ongoing financial crisis - its potential survival. Not only has China been forced to accept huge reserves built upon previous trade growth (its $2 trillion in reserves is an all-time record), but its own policies have contributed to its relative inability to flex its capital-market muscles. That’s especially true in transactions involving U.S. dollar/yuan exchange rates.

What for us sounds quite theoretical in nature represents a very real problem for businessmen such as Dong Xianbin, the chairman of the Guangxi Sanhuan Enterprise Group Holding Co. Ltd. He estimates that he’s lost more than 150 million yuan (about $22 million at current exchange rates) on international trade in the past three years alone because of exchange rate changes between the dollar and the yuan. So he’s keen to see yuan-based transactions that will reduce exchange-rate risks, or eliminate them entirely. And he’s not alone. Thousands of Chinese companies are chomping at the bit for the same reasons.

As a nation, not having a universally accepted currency is a huge issue. China’s record reserves are now at risk thanks to the U.S. government’s bailout boondoggle, because each new greenback printed debases the value of every other dollar out there, including the ones China holds.

Historically, Beijing sought to mitigate that risk by diversifying its holdings into other currencies most notably the European euro and the Swiss franc, for instance. But now China’s facing the kinds of problems that massive mutual funds closer to home must deal with when they hold a disproportionately large amount of money: China’s reserve fund is so massive that there’s literally no other single currency that can absorb all that liquidity. So even if China wanted to diversify more aggressively, it’s going to be hard pressed to do so.

Incidentally, this is precisely why China’s so-called “nuclear option” will never become more than a theory bandied about by conspiracy buffs. Under such a scenario, China will either “dump” its dollars, and/or stop buying them, causing the value of the greenback to plummet. China might start selling, but there literally is not another currency on the planet that could absorb a wholesale liquidation.

Therefore, the reality is that China needs to have the U.S. boost the value of the dollar - even as the United States needs to have China do all it can to maintain the dollar’s value.

Shopping for Commodities

At this point in time, China essentially has two alternatives:

• It can seek out other stores of value, such as natural resources, which are highly liquid and reasonably “deep” in global markets, but which can also be very volatile from a pricing standpoint.

• Or it can elevate the credibility of its own currency in the international financial markets and effectively remove the exchange rate risks associated with its own partially blocked yuan.

Never one to leave anything to chance, China is pursuing both strategies. For instance, China’s been buying gold like there’s no tomorrow - and is looking to add to its holdings. Since 2003, China has boosted its holdings of gold by 73% to an estimated 1,054 metric tons, with an approximate value of $31.3 billion. This makes China the fifth-largest holder of gold on the planet, followed by the United States, Greater Europe, and Switzerland.

China’s also gone global in its hunt for oil - which, of course, is the only other global “currency” truly in international demand.

While there’s a real benefit to having locked up supplies of commodities, they aren’t an ideal store of value. And that suggests that what China really needs to do is elevate the global prominence of its own currency at the same time, whether U.S. leaders aid the process or not.

History shows that strong economies tend to have strong currencies. And the actions that I’ve reported on recently from China - the cross-Straits agreements reached between China and Taiwan, the Hong Kong yuan-trade agreements and the “yuan carry trade,” to name a few - only reinforce the effort China is putting forth to achieve this goal.

Speaking of goals … there are obviously plenty of Doubting Thomases on this issue - but they were around years ago before China announced that it wants to put a man on the moon by 2020.

This article has been reposted from Money Morning. You can view the article on Money Morning's investment news website here.

Could The Yuan Become The World's Next Reserve Currency?

The U.S. dollar has faced some serious attacks lately, and our economy here in the U.S. is struggling, but have things really gotten so bad that the USD could lose its place as the world's reserve currency? And even if it did, wouldn't the Euro be next in line to take its place? According to Nouriel Roubini, the next world reserve currency could in fact be the Chinese Yuan, and the transition could happen sooner than we think. For more on this, read the following blog post from Mark Thoma which looks at Roubini's recent article on the subject.

Nouriel Roubini is worried that the dollar will lose its status as a reserve currency if we don't change our ways:

The Almighty Renminbi?, by Nouriel Roubini, Commentary, NY Times: ...While the dollar’s status as the major reserve currency will not vanish overnight, we can no longer take it for granted. Sooner than we think, the dollar may be challenged by other currencies, most likely the Chinese renminbi. This would have serious costs for America, as our ability to finance our budget and trade deficits cheaply would disappear. ...

The... downfall of the dollar may be only a matter of time. But what could replace it? The British pound, the Japanese yen and the Swiss franc remain minor reserve currencies, as those countries are not major powers. Gold is still a barbaric relic whose value rises only when inflation is high. The euro is hobbled by concerns about the long-term viability of the European Monetary Union. That leaves the renminbi. ...

At the moment,... the renminbi is far from ready to achieve reserve currency status. China would first have to ease restrictions on money entering and leaving the country, make its currency fully convertible for such transactions, continue its domestic financial reforms and make its bond markets more liquid. It would take a long time for the renminbi to become a reserve currency, but it could happen. ...

We have reaped significant financial benefits from having the dollar as the reserve currency. In particular, the strong market for the dollar allows Americans to borrow at better rates. We have thus been able to finance larger deficits for longer and at lower interest rates, as foreign demand has kept Treasury yields low. We have been able to issue debt in our own currency rather than a foreign one, thus shifting the losses of a fall in the value of the dollar to our creditors. Having commodities priced in dollars has also meant that a fall in the dollar’s value doesn’t lead to a rise in the price of imports. ...

This decline of the dollar might take more than a decade, but it could happen even sooner if we do not get our financial house in order. ... For the last two decades America has been spending more than its income, increasing its foreign liabilities and amassing debts that have become unsustainable. A system where the dollar was the major global currency allowed us to prolong reckless borrowing.

Now that the dollar’s position is no longer so secure, we need to shift our priorities. This will entail investing in our crumbling infrastructure, alternative and renewable resources and productive human capital — rather than in unnecessary housing and toxic financial innovation. This will be the only way to slow down the decline of the dollar, and sustain our influence in global affairs.

This post can also be viewed on economistsview.typepad.com.

What Is The Likelihood Of The U.S. Losing Its AAA Credit Rating?

A few months back — after Moody's issued a warning — there was a lot of talk about the possibility of America losing it's AAA credit rating. Of course that never materialized. Now after a recent report on the health of Social Security and Medicare, the talk is resuming. The question still remains though of whether all this talk, is just talk, or if there is any merit to it. Kathy Lien looks closer at the question in her blog post below.

In today’s Financial Times, there is an op-ed article by David Walker, the CEO of the Peter G. Peterson Foundation pondering the possibility of the U.S. losing its prized AAA credit rating. The paper focuses on a warning that was issued by rating agency Moody’s months ago. Moody’s has not issued a new warning, yet Walker and in turn, the FT has decided to re-inject uncertainty into the financial markets by resurrecting this fear. What has prompted this article is most likely the recent comments about the insolvency of the Social Security and Medicare systems. According to the trustees for the systems, the Social Security trust fund could be depleted by 2037 while Medicare could be insolvent by 2017. These dates of insolvency have been pushed up as the weak labor market reduces contributions. The Obama Administration has pressed the importance of gaining control of the growth in Medicare costs and their desire to tackle Social Security insolvency once health care reform is passed.

According to Walker, if the health care reforms strains finances further or if the federal government fails to monitor spending, tax or budget control, rating agencies could strip the U.S. of its credit rating.

Is Losing AAA Rating that Big of a Deal?

But is losing the AAA rating that big of a deal? Yes. A credit rating reflects the risk of default. Therefore a lower credit rating means that a country is at greater risk of defaulting on their debt. Some global funds are mandated to invest only in AAA debt and therefore if the U.S. loses its AAA rating, we could see a massive outflow of foreign investment. Also, a credit rating downgrade is the perfect excuse to push through an alternative reserve currency to replace the dollar because it would strip the confidence of sovereign funds like China that have been buying dollars to prop up the U.S. economy. Yes, investors will still buy U.S. Treasuries, but their purchases will be less. It could also have a spillover effect on corporate debt and will raise the cost of borrowing for the U.S. government.

How Real is the Risk?

Now with the risk in mind, I think that ratings agencies talk a good game but they will face problems following through. The consequences of downgrading U.S. sovereign debt is huge both politically and economically. Therefore Moody’s or any rating agency for that matter may be reluctant to the first to pull the trigger. Downgrading the U.S. is very different from downgrading Ireland. Based upon how the rating agencies have handled the credit derivatives bubble, chances are they will be behind the curve once again.

With that in mind, U.S. finances are deteriorating significantly, raising the concern of Asian nations. However if President Obama is successful at turning around the U.S. economy, America will be well equipped to meet its debt obligations.

This post can also be viewed on kathylien.com.

Japanese Yen Could Be In For A Significant Slide

The Japanese Yen has performed well the past few days, but the USD/JPY could be approaching a wall. Currency expert Kathy Lien warns that the USD/JPY is trading at a critical level and could be in for a significant slide. For more on this, read her blog post below.

The U.S. dollar has sold off significantly against the Japanese Yen over the past 2 trading days. It is nearing a very important support level. If it breaks that level, we could see a test and potential break of 95. Given that equities are pressuring USD/JPY lower, a “break” of the 95 level would be contingent upon a top in equities. In my special report on FX360, I talk about the fundamental reasons behind the sell-off in USD/JPY.

On a technical basis, the chart below illustrates how USD/JPY is approaching very critical levels. We have a major head and shoulders pattern in place, the currency pair is attempting to enter the sell zone according to our Bollinger Bands and is approaching trend line support. For those of you that like Ichimoku clouds, it has also entered the cloud. Therefore a close below 96.80 would open the door for a significant slide.

Click on Chart to see Larger Version

This post can also be viewed on kathylien.com.

Obama Pushes For $17 Billion In Budget Cuts...That's It?

In what seems like joke, President Obama has sent lawmakers a proposal that aims to cut over a hundred programs, and save us $17 billion. When you look at the fact our deficit this year will be a projected $1.85 trillion, you can start to see that $17 billion in cuts is next to nothing. It's almost as if Obama is simply trying to appear like he is making an effort to trim spending. The worst part is that it appears Obama will be fought tooth and nail to get these cuts through. If he can't manage to get $17 billion cut off the budget, what hope does this country really have forbalanced budget? For more on this, read the following article from Money Morning.

President Barack Obama sent lawmakers a budget package today (Thursday) that proposes to shrink or eliminate 121 federal programs and save almost $17 billion in the fiscal year that begins Oct. 1. But the budget plan contains cuts that will face vigorous opposition in Congress and fierce resistance from special interest groups.

The package of proposed reductions fills in the fine print of a $3.55 trillion budget outline approved by lawmakers in April that contains Obama’s top agenda items, including a health care overhaul, a push for renewable, clean-energy sources and changes in education funding.

The President wants to cut or end a number of programs that he feels are wasteful or ineffective to take the first toward getting spending under control. But the administration’s attempt at bringing fiscal discipline to Washington has already been met with skepticism by analysts.

“Every government program - no matter how wasteful - will be defended by its recipients and congressional champions,” Brian Riedl, a budget expert at the Heritage Foundation, a Washington-based research group told Bloomberg News. “Unless Obama puts the weight of the White House behind his spending cuts, Congress will ignore them.”

The cuts are miniscule compared to the overall budget package and deficits that will be ushered in the next few years. The $787 billion stimulus package Obama pushed through Congress combined with the $700 billion Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) bank bailout will come on top of the $1 trillion deficit the administration inherited when he took office in January.

Total savings from the cuts, even if they were accepted by Congress in their entirety, would represent a paltry 0.4% of the overall budget. The Congressional Budget Office projects the deficit will be $1.85 trillion this year, about four times the previous record, and $1.38 trillion in fiscal 2010.

“Even if you got all of those things, it would be saving pennies, not dollars. And you’re not going to begin to get all of them,” Isabel Sawhill, a Brookings Institution economist who waged her own battles with Congress as a senior official in the Clinton White House budget office, told the Washington Post. “This is a good government exercise without much prospect of putting a significant dent in spending.”

Only about 80 of the proposed cuts are new - the others had been previously revealed. And most of the cuts will be from the “discretionary” budget, avoiding the so-called untouchable “third-rail” entitlement programs of Social Security and Medicare.

Those two programs account for more than 40% of government spending, meaning the more difficult work on deficit reductions has been left for another day.
“More serious efforts at deficit reduction are going to require entitlement and tax reform - that’s where most of the money is.” Marc Goldwein, policy director of the bipartisan Committee for a Responsible Budget, a Washington-based research group, told Bloomberg. “To really get the deficit under control, we’re going to have to start thinking bigger,” he said.

But some in Congress defended the administration’s approach, saying the list of program reductions is just the start of a more comprehensive effort to cut spending and pull the reins on the skyrocketing deficit.

“It depends on what it means over the scope of five and 10 years.” Representative John Larson (D-Conn.) told Bloomberg. It’s a “deep, cavernous hole where we have been left, we’re looking a long way up but it’s a steady climb” using the budget plan agreed to by Obama and Congress, he said.

This post can also be viewed on moneymorning.com.

How The European Central Bank Is Different

The European Central Bank (ECB) made several important announcements today, and the reaction from currency traders was much different than how they have reacted to similar moves from other central banks. Currency expert Kathy Lien looks closer at the recent announcements, and talks a bit about what sets the ECB apart from the Bank of England and Federal Reserve, in her blog post below.

Both the European Central Bank and the Bank of England announced asset purchases today, but the Euro skyrocketed while the British pound fell, leading many currency traders to wonder What Sets the ECB Apart from Fed and BoE?

Read Boris’ take on the Bank of England Rate Decision

Before talking about why the euro recovered, here are the 4 key announcements made by the ECB today:

1. Cut Repo Rate from 1.25 to 1.00%
2. Narrow Rate Corridor by 50bp (Marginal Lending Rate Cut by 50bp to 1.75%)
3. Extend maturity of refinancings to 12 months
4. Announced purchases of up to EU60 billion in euro-denominated covered bonds

There is no question that these are unprecedented measures for the European Central Bank. Everyone expected the quarter point rate cut to a record low of 1.00 percent, the decision to increase the maturity of refinancings to 12 months and also the narrowing of the rate corridor by 50bp, but the chance of purchasing euro-denominated covered bonds was low.

Nonetheless, Trichet has resorted to what many consider Quantitative Easing (even though he explicitly denied that this is QE) and rather than punishing the euro, currency traders are applauding the ECB for being flexible and realizing that there is no longer a stigma attached to asset purchases. Also, the amount of bonds that the ECB is purchasing is nominal compared to the rest of the central banks. The ECB plans on buying up to EU60 billion, which is less than half of the BoE’s Quantitative Easing program. More importantly however, Trichet suggested that they may sterilize the liquidity impact of bond purchases, which would limit the impact on the money supply and the pressure on the euro. The Fed and the BoE’s purchases are unsterilized. Finally, this is only an initial announcement. Further details on the bond plan will be released in June. Although rates are appropriate for the current time, the central bank could still take interest rates below 1 percent based upon Trichet’s comment that they have decided if rates have hit their lowest point.

This post can also be viewed on kathylien.com.

Expectations Of A Dollar Collapse

So far — despite the huge run up in U.S. debt — the U.S. dollar has held strong during the financial crisis, however, Andy Xie expects a major collapse to come. He feels that pressures from China, and an overall loss of faith in the U.S. financial policy, will destroy the greenback. For more on this, read the following blog post from Mark Thoma.

Andy Xie expects the dollar to collapse:

If China loses faith the dollar will collapse, by Andy Xie, Commentary, Financial Times: Emerging economies such as China and Russia are calling for alternatives to the dollar as a reserve currency. The trigger is the Federal Reserve’s liberal policy of expanding the money supply to prop up America’s banking system and its over-indebted households. ...[T]he Fed may be forced into printing dollars massively, which would eventually trigger high inflation or even hyper-inflation and cause great damage to countries that hold dollar assets in their foreign exchange reserves.

The chatter over alternatives to the dollar mainly reflects the unhappiness with US monetary policy among the emerging economies that have amassed nearly $10,000bn in foreign exchange reserves, mostly in dollar assets. ...[T]he US situation is unique: it borrows in its own currency, and the dollar is the world’s dominant reserve currency. The US can disregard its creditors’ concerns for the time being without worrying about a dollar collapse. ...

The faith of the Chinese in America’s power and responsibility, and the petrodollar holdings of the gulf countries that depend on US military protection, are the twin props for the dollar’s global status. Ethnic Chinese ... may account for half of the foreign holdings of dollar assets. ...

The US could repair its balance sheet through asset sales and fiscal transfers instead of just printing money. ... The country’s vast and unexplored natural resource holdings could be auctioned off. Americans may view these ideas as unthinkable. It is hard to imagine that a superpower needs to sell the family silver to stay solvent. Hence, printing money seems a less painful way out. ...

Other currencies are not safe havens either. ... Central banks are punishing savers to redeem the sins of debtors and speculators. Unfortunately, ethnic Chinese are the biggest savers.

Diluting Chinese savings to bail out America’s failing banks and bankrupt households, though highly beneficial to the US national interest in the short term, will destroy the dollar’s global status. Ethnic Chinese demand for the dollar has been waning already. ...

America’s policy is pushing China towards developing an alternative financial system. ... Its recent decision to turn Shanghai into a financial centre by 2020 reflects China’s anxiety over relying on the dollar system. The year 2020 seems remote... However, if global stagflation takes hold, as I expect it to, it will force China to accelerate its reforms to float its currency and create a single, independent and market-based financial system. When that happens, the dollar will collapse.

Barry Eichengreen explains why using SDRs as a reserve currency, as has been suggested by the governor of the People's Bank of China, is not as easy as it might seem:

Commercialize the SDR now, by Barry Eichengreen, Commentary, Project Syndicate: Zhou Xiaochuan, the governor of the People’s Bank of China, made a splash prior to the recent G-20 summit by arguing that the International Monetary Fund’s Special Drawing Rights should replace the dollar as the world’s reserve currency. ...

Sympathizers acknowledged the contradictions... Central banks understandably seek more reserves as their economies grow. But if those reserves mainly take the form of dollars, then their rising demand allows the United States to finance its external deficit at an artificially low cost. In turn, this allows unsustainable imbalances to build up, leading to an inevitable crash. ...

But skeptics question whether the SDR could ever replace the dollar as the world’s leading reserve currency, for the simple reason that the SDR is not a currency. It is a composite accounting unit in which the IMF issues credits to its members. Those credits ... cannot be used in the other transactions in which central banks and governments engage. ... This means that the SDR is not an attractive unit for official reserves.

This would not be easy to change. Despite the trials and tribulations of the American economy, dollar securities remain the dominant form of reserves because of the unparalleled depth and liquidity of US markets. Central banks can buy and sell dollar securities without moving those markets. There is also the convenience factor: dollars are widely used in a variety of other transactions. As a result, not even the euro has seriously challenged the dollar as the dominant reserve currency. ...

If China is serious about elevating the SDR to reserve-currency status, it should take steps to create a liquid market in SDR claims. It could issue its own SDR-denominated bonds. ... Of course, an earlier attempt was made to create a commercial market in SDR-denominated claims ... in the 1970’s... But these efforts ultimately went nowhere. The dollar being more liquid, its first-mover advantage proved impossible to surmount.

Overcoming that advantage now would require someone to act as market-maker ... and subsidise the market in its start-up phase. The obvious someone is the IMF. The Fund could stand ready to buy and sell SDR claims to all comers, ... at narrow bid/ask spreads competitive with those for dollars. ...

Transforming the SDR into a true international currency would require surmounting other obstacles. The IMF would have to be able to issue additional SDRs in periods of shortage... The IMF’s management would also have to be empowered to decide on SDR issuance, just as the Fed can decide to offer currency swaps. For the SDR to become a true international currency, in other words, the IMF would have to become more like a global central bank and international lender of last resort.

For worries about inflation, see Inflation Nation by Alan Meltzer (and also see Krugman's response, A History Lesson for Alan Meltzer).

[Note: A lot of people have noted the apparent contradiction in the concern from Krugman over deflation, and from Meltzer over inflation, e.g. Mankiw for one, but here's an example of this from Mankiw's colleague, Martin Feldstein, within the same article. It's simply a short-run, long-run distinction.]

This post can also be found on economistsview.typepad.com.

China Is Trapped In The Dollar

There has been a lot of talk lately about China's desire to diversify out of the dollar, however, unfortunately for them they are trapped. The worst part for China is that this entrapment was self-inflicted as Paul Krugman points out in his recent New York Times article. For more on this, read the following blog post from Mark Thoma.

It's time "to face up to new realities":

China’s Dollar Trap, by Paul Krugman, Commentary, NY Times: ...The big news last week was a speech by Zhou Xiaochuan, the governor of China’s central bank, calling for a new “super-sovereign reserve currency.”

The paranoid wing of the Republican Party promptly warned of a dastardly plot to make America give up the dollar. But Mr. Zhou’s speech was actually an admission of weakness. In effect, he was saying that China had driven itself into a dollar trap, and that it can neither get itself out nor change the policies that put it in into that trap in the first place.

Some background: In the early years of this decade, China began running large trade surpluses and also began attracting substantial inflows of foreign capital. If China had had a floating exchange rate — like, say, Canada — this would have led to a rise in the value of its currency, which, in turn, would have slowed the growth of China’s exports.

But China chose instead to keep the value of the yuan in terms of the dollar more or less fixed. To do this, it had to buy up dollars as they came flooding in. As the years went by, those trade surpluses just kept growing — and so did China’s hoard of foreign assets. ...

Aside from a late, ill-considered plunge into equities (at the very top of the market), the Chinese mainly accumulated very safe assets,... U.S. Treasury bills... T-bills are as safe from default as anything on the planet... But ... any future fall in the dollar would mean a big capital loss for China. Hence Mr. Zhou’s proposal to move to a new reserve currency along the lines of the S.D.R.’s, or special drawing rights, in which the International Monetary Fund keeps its accounts. ...

S.D.R.’s aren’t real money. They’re accounting units whose value is set by a basket of dollars, euros, Japanese yen and British pounds. And there’s nothing to keep China from diversifying its reserves away from the dollar, indeed from holding a reserve basket matching the composition of the S.D.R.’s — nothing, that is, except for the fact that China now owns so many dollars that it can’t sell them off without driving the dollar down and triggering the very capital loss its leaders fear.

So what Mr. Zhou’s proposal actually amounts to is a plea that someone rescue China from the consequences of its own investment mistakes. That’s not going to happen.

And the call for some magical solution to the problem of China’s excess of dollars suggests something else:... China’s leaders haven’t come to grips with the fact that the rules of the game have changed in a fundamental way.

Two years ago,... China could save much more than it invested and dispose of the excess savings in America. That world is gone.

Yet the day after his new-reserve-currency speech, Mr. Zhou gave another speech in which he seemed to assert that China’s extremely high savings rate is immutable, a result of Confucianism, which values “anti-extravagance.” Meanwhile, “it is not the right time” for the United States to save more. In other words, let’s go on as we were.

That’s also not going to happen.

The bottom line is that China hasn’t yet faced up to the wrenching changes that will be needed to deal with this global crisis. The same could, of course, be said of the Japanese, the Europeans — and us.

And that failure to face up to new realities is the main reason that, despite some glimmers of good news — the G-20 summit accomplished more than I thought it would — this crisis probably still has years to run.

This post can also be viewed on economistsview.typepad.com.

Geithner's Comments Are Moving The Currency Markets

Timothy Geithner should quickly learn that currency traders take everything he says literally. Recent comments he made caused the dollar to take a nose dive. Geithner quickly followed those comments up with a retraction of sort, which left the markets unsure of his true intent. Currency expert Kathy Lien address this matter further in her blog post below.

How long will it take for Treasury Secretary Tim Geithner to realize that his comments move markets? When he first took office, he mistakenly threatened to brand China as a currency manipulator. This caused a wave of volatility in the currency market and sharp criticism about the experience of the new Administration. And now, Geithner has done it once again (Geithner Comments send Dollar for a Ride).

Even though President Obama said that the dollar is strong and there is no need for a reserve currency, Geithner suggested this morning that the U.S. is “quite open” to China’s suggestion of moving towards a Special Drawing Right (SDR) linked currency system. But just as quickly as he made those comments, he retracted them probably because an aide told him that the U.S. dollar is tanking. Minutes later, Geithner said there is “no change in dollar as world’s reserve currency and likely to remain so for long time.”

These contradictory statements are clearly the act of an amateur Treasury Secretary that is forced to eat his words.

Why has the dollar had such a big reaction to these comments? Because if the world adopts the SDR, which was created by the IMF as an international reserve asset, it would mean less demand for U.S. dollars.

source: eSignal

This post can also be viewed on kathylien.com.

Switzerland Cuts Interest Rates: Swiss Franc To Fall Hard

Switzerland has decided to match the U.S. Central Bank's near zero interest rate policy and as a result the Swiss Franc is set to take a beating. Currency expert Kathy Lien explains the impact of Switzerland's decision on their currency, and even throws out some potentially profitable trades for currency investors in her blog post below:

Switzerland has officially adopted a beggar thy neighbor policy approach by intervening in the currency market. This morning, they cut interest rates by 25bp to 0.25 percent matching U.S. levels. They have officially embarked on Quantitative easing and will be buying domestic and foreign bonds (fully synopsis of SNB rate decision) .

Source: FX360.com

For currency traders, this means that a BIG seller of Swiss Francs have just entered the market. They have deep pockets and will probably be in the market for a while. Therefore, expect more losses in EUR/CHF and USD/CHF, both of which have hit 2 month highs. Such a strong move begs a correction but ultimately, I believe that EUR/CHF will hit 1.55 and USD/CHF will break 1.20.

The US retail sales report was much stronger than the market expected and this should add to the gains in USD/CHF, which has already outperformed EUR/CHF this morning.

There are still unanswered questions such as how much Swiss Franc the SNB will sell, the scale of bond purchases and additional liquidity. Their announcement today is aimed at accomplishing 2 goals at their expense of their neighbors which is protect their export sector and prevent the economy from falling into a deflation trap.

This post can also be viewed on kathylien.com.

Yesterday Was Just A Bear Market Rally

Don't fall for yesterday's market recovery, it was just a bear market rally. These bear market rallies should be expected, Kathy Lien points out in her blog post below. In addition Lien explains how the dollar might be impacted by these rallies.

Stocks rallied significantly yesterday, leading many people to wonder if this is “the bottom” in equities. Given that none of the problems in the U.S. economy have been resolved, I think that this is a bear market rally.

With that in mind, it is interesting to look at how much equities could rebound in a bear market rally. The best analog for the economy today is the Great Depression. Therefore I’ve pulled up the chart of the S&P during the Great Depression. The index fell as much as 86.5 percent before it finally bottomed. The sell-off was not without relief rallies. Between 1929 and 1932, there was 6 “bear market rallies” that ranged from 12 to 110 percent. The S&P was trading at much lower levels then but on a percentage basis, bear market rallies usually extend 25 percent. With that in mind, since the S&P 500 bottomed out on Friday, the index is up close to 8 percent. A 25 percent move would put the index at 833.

How does this relate to currencies? Further gains in U.S. equities would mean further strength for the EUR/USD. So if the S&P 500 hit 833, the EUR/USD could break 1.30.

Click on the chart to enlarge

Source: Bloomberg

This post can also be viewed on kathylien.com.

The Pound And Euro Are Taking A Beating

The recent interest rate cuts by the Bank of England and the European Central Bank have lead to major selling of the Pound and Euro. Currency expert Kathy Lien talks about the recent development and offers her insight into the situation in her blog post below.

The Euro and British pound have come under severe selling pressure after the ECB and BoE cut interest rates by 50bp. Interest rates are now at historic lows for both central banks and even though the rate announcements were negative for both currencies, the Euro has sold off more aggressively than the British pound because ECB President Trichet warned that growth will be signicantly reduced in 2009 and 2010 while inflation will remain well below 2 percent.

More importantly, he admitted that the ECB is studying non-standard measures which include quantitative easing. However, Trichet prefers to use the Fed’s label of credit easing over quantitative easing (What is the Difference Between Credit and Quantitative Easing?). The mere possibility that the ECB could consider Quantitative Easing was enough to drive the EUR/USD below 1.25. With the third highest interest rate of the G10 nations, further interest rate cuts are still possible. By saying that they have not made a decision about whether 1.5 percent is the lowest level makes 1 percent interest rates a real possibility for the Eurozone. In fact, Trichet may opt for another rate cut before credit easing. For the US dollar, British pound and Japanese Yen, no surprises are expected from future rate decisions. However for the Euro, the prospect of lower interest rates and the uncertainty of if and when the ECB will adopt credit easing should keep the EUR/USD under pressure.

Bank of England: Rates May Have Hit Rock Bottom

As for the Bank of England, I believe today’s 50bp rate cut to 0.5 percent is their last. The central bank has been worried that excessively low interest rates would erode profitability of banks, reducing their incentive to lend. Now that they have been given the authorization to begin Quantitative Easing, it will be their new focus. UK Gilts have soared on the announcement that the government will purchase up to £100bn in Gilts and £50bn in private sector assets (syndicated loans and ABS). As we indicated in our ECB and BoE preview, Quantitative Easing is negative for a currency, but if the BoE is done cutting interest rates, further weakness in the British pound may be limited.

This post can also be viewed on kathylien.com.

Currency Market Update: Look To The Australian Dollar

Yesterday's market rally got a lot of investors excited, but the rally was short lived. Currency expert Kathy Lien points out 3 reasons why investors should have been suspicious of the rally in her blog post below. In addition Lien offers some insight into the future of currencies, and suggests that the Australian Dollar might be a great investment opportunity right now.

The currency and equity markets are turning lower after a strong rally on Tuesday. In my Daily Currency Focus, I talked about the 3 reasons why the currency market rally was suspicious. None of the reasons for Tuesday’s jump delivered real solutions. The market only rallied because Bernanke delivered no surprises. President Obama’s attempt at reassuring Americans also failed to comfort investors.

Instead we are faced with a weakening economy that is only confirmed by this morning’s plunge in existing home sales. Sales of existing homes plunged 5.3 percent to a 12 year low in the month of January. The housing market remains the Achilles heel of the US economy as prices fall and demand wanes. The median price of a home sold dropped 14.8 percent compared to the year prior. Such disappointing numbers are not much of a surprise given the big decline in housing starts and building permits. With banks and mortgage lenders reluctant to lend, even potential homeowners with sufficient capital have found difficulty attaining loans.

The British pound has been hit the most because Bank of England member Barker said that the weak sterling is helpful. UK officials have taken every opportunity to talk down the currency.

USD/JPY on the other hand remains an animal. Despite weak economic data and a turn in equities, the currency pair continues to rise.

My favorite is still the Australian dollar because of strong M&A flow, higher gold prices and the prospect of the country remaining recession free. The AUD/USD is also prime for a breakout.

This post can also be viewed on kathylien.com.

Gold Prices And US Dollar Both Rising

Those who keep up with gold and currency prices have probably noticed that things are a little strange right now. Typically the gold prices work inversely, however, right now they are rising almost instep. Currency expert Kathy Lien explains more about this phenomenon, and offers some insight into what is likely causing it in her blog post below:

If you haven’t caught it already, in my Daily Currency Focus on FX360, I talked about What the Rally in the US Dollar and Gold is Telling Us. As both the Dollar Index and Gold Prices press higher, it important to know what this means:

It is not very often that we see the US dollar and gold prices move in the same direction. Since gold is priced in dollars, the value of the yellow metal tends to fall when the dollar rises and rise when the dollar falls. However this has not been the case since January 14th as the rally in the US dollar corresponds with the rise in gold prices, which closed today at a 7 month high of $970 an ounce.

The last time we saw this traditionally negative correlation turn into a positive one was in 1982. At that time, recession hit many countries including the US. Although the rise in gold prices can be partially attributed to future inflation problems, the cohesive movement in the value of gold and the US dollar suggests that central banks around the world are losing credibility. There are growing concerns that a time bomb could explode in Europe leading to more troubles for the region as a whole. If that is the case, there may not be any safer form of investment than gold.

The rally in the US dollar and gold is telling the market that investors are worried about global economic stability outside of the US and therefore they are preparing for the worst.

This post can also be viewed on kathylien.com.

Geithner's Financial Stability Plan

This morning the new plan to rescue the financial system was unveiled by Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner, but so far the markets have not reacted very positively to the news. It is still early, but it appears investors are not sold on the proposed government actions. In his speech Geithner threw around numbers as high as $1 tillion, which represents the expansion of a key Federal Reserve lending program, according to the Associated Press. But even that failed to impress investors. Kathy Lien talks more about the new rescue plan and the impact to currency and financial markets in her blog post below.

The Treasury Secretary has finally spoken and the markets are disappointed!

The price action in the currency markets suggests that investors are disappointed by the lack of details from the Treasury’s new Financial Stability Plan and are skeptical about the effectiveness of getting the private sector involved. Furthermore, investors are not happy about being apart of an experiment (although I think this is the only way to go because all of the old measures have proven effective).

Geithner announced a cocktail of initiatives using “things we haven’t tried before” and warned “that we will make mistakes.” If the Treasury Secretary is not 100 percent confident in his own plan, how could investors be?

Traders have plowed right back into the US dollar on the fear that the US government is rolling the dice once again. Equities have also fallen as much as 300 points.

The Treasury’s Super TARP plan, which is now renamed as the Financial Stability Plan has 3 core components:

1. More Capital for Healthy Banks

2. New Financing for as Much as $1 trillion of Consumer and Business loans

3. Public Financing for Private Investors Willing to Buy Distressed Debt (details of private/public investment fund have not been released)

Read the rest of this analysis on FX360.com

This post can also be viewed on kathylien.com.

EU Leaves Interest Rates Unchanged In Risky Move

All over the world central banks are dropping key interest rates in an attempt to stimulate lagging economies. Why then would the head of the European Central Bank leave interest rates unchanged despite wide spread economic turmoil among EU countries? Kathy Lien shares her thoughts on Trichet's controversial decision, along with the potential impact to currency markets, in her blog post below.

Here is a snippet of my comments about this morning’s price action on FX360.com:

There has been a lot of action in the currency market this morning, mostly centered on the British pound and Euro.

ECB President Trichet is not buckling under pressure. After leaving interest rates unchanged at 2.00 percent, he refused to make any decisive comments on where interest rates are headed in March. Trichet is still buying time to see how the economy and price pressures respond to their recent rate cuts. The Euro has held steady because Trichet said he is not pre-committing or excluding anything. The zero interest rates that Prof Roubini is calling for is out of the question especially for a central bank that remains obsessed with inflationary pressures. Trichet acknowledged that inflation will continue to fall but he expects it pick up in the second half of the year and if oil prices rebound, the acceleration of price pressures could exacerbate. Rather than being completely downbeat about growth, Trichet said that even though the risks are clearly to the downside, there are signs of stabilization. By postponing rate cuts, Trichet is putting his credibility and reputation on the line.

The ECB cannot stop cutting interest rates at this time especially as we continue to see very weak economic data. German factory orders fell 6.9 percent in the month of December, more than double the market’s forecast. Trichet who is known for his candor has already admitted that 2 percent will not be the lowest level for Eurozone interest rates and the market may be right to bet on a 50bp rate cut in March. If he doesn’t plan to cut interest rates to 1.5 percent next month, he would not comment on the market’s expectations. Although zero interest rates is off the table, we do not think that the ECB will stop at 1.50 percent. Interest rates could fall as low as 1 percent, which is why we could see more weakness in the Euro.

EUR/GBP Crushed After BoE Rate Decision

EUR/GBP collapsed following the Bank of England’s decision to cut interest rates to 1 percent. Even though the yield advantage in EUR/GBP has increased from 50bp to 100bp in the Euro’s favor, the market is less focused on interest rate differentials and more focused on recovery. The pound is trading higher because the Bank of England and the UK are being rewarded for their aggressive monetary and fiscal stimulus. The Euro on the other hand is being punished for implementing sluggish monetary policy.

This post can also be viewed on kathylien.com.

Should The Fed Be Abolished? Ron Paul Thinks So...

This isn't the first time that Ron Paul has brought this measure to abolish the Federal Reserve before Congress, and it probably won't be the last. While most politicians, and Americans for that matter, write Paul off as crazy because of proposals just like this, is he really that offbeat? His arguments seem a lot more powerful now that the economy is struggling so mightily, however, there is still no chance that his legislation will be accepted, at least in his life time. Tim Iacano from The Mess That Greenspan Made talks more about Paul, and his new legislation, in his blog post below.

Earlier this week, Rep. Ron Paul (R-Texas) reintroduced legislation to abolish the Federal Reserve. While it's not likely to go any further than it did last time, efforts like this are an important first step toward making substantive changes in the future:

Madame Speaker, I rise to introduce legislation to restore financial stability to America's economy by abolishing the Federal Reserve. Since the creation of the Federal Reserve, middle and working-class Americans have been victimized by a boom-and-bust monetary policy. In addition, most Americans have suffered a steadily eroding purchasing power because of the Federal Reserve's inflationary policies. This represents a real, if hidden, tax imposed on the American people.

From the Great Depression, to the stagflation of the seventies, to the current economic crisis caused by the housing bubble, every economic downturn suffered by this country over the past century can be traced to Federal Reserve policy. The Fed has followed a consistent policy of flooding the economy with easy money, leading to a misallocation of resources and an artificial "boom" followed by a recession or depression when the Fed-created bubble bursts.

How can you argue with any of this?

While the "lender of last resort" function of the Fed makes a good deal of sense, the "master of the economy" and "master of the money" roles do not.

They never did (unless you're a banker or a politician).

With a stable currency, American exporters will no longer be held hostage to an erratic monetary policy. Stabilizing the currency will also give Americans new incentives to save as they will no longer have to fear inflation eroding their savings. Those members concerned about increasing America's exports or the low rate of savings should be enthusiastic supporters of this legislation.

Though the Federal Reserve policy harms the average American, it benefits those in a position to take advantage of the cycles in monetary policy. The main beneficiaries are those who receive access to artificially inflated money and/or credit before the inflationary effects of the policy impact the entire economy. Federal Reserve policies also benefit big spending politicians who use the inflated currency created by the Fed to hide the true costs of the welfare-warfare state. It is time for Congress to put the interests of the American people ahead of special interests and their own appetite for big government.

Abolishing the Federal Reserve will allow Congress to reassert its constitutional authority over monetary policy. The United States Constitution grants to Congress the authority to coin money and regulate the value of the currency. The Constitution does not give Congress the authority to delegate control over monetary policy to a central bank. Furthermore, the Constitution certainly does not empower the federal government to erode the American standard of living via an inflationary monetary policy.

In fact, Congress' constitutional mandate regarding monetary policy should only permit currency backed by stable commodities such as silver and gold to be used as legal tender. Therefore, abolishing the Federal Reserve and returning to a constitutional system will enable America to return to the type of monetary system envisioned by our nation's founders: one where the value of money is consistent because it is tied to a commodity such as gold. Such a monetary system is the basis of a true freemarket economy.

In conclusion, Mr. Speaker, I urge my colleagues to stand up for working Americans by putting an end to the manipulation of the money supply which erodes Americans' standard of living, enlarges big government, and enriches well-connected elites, by cosponsoring my legislation to abolish the Federal Reserve.

This post can also be viewed on themessthatgreenspanmade.blogspot.com.

What Does February Have In Store For Currencies?

January was a great month for the USD, and even better for the Japanese Yen, but what does February have in store for the currency market? Investors should pay close attention as currency expert Kathy Lien attempts to answer that question in her blog post below. Investors should know that past performance doesn't necessarily represent future performance, but it certainly can help investors make educated decisions.

In the beginning of January, I highlighted the effect of seasonality on the EUR/USD. At that time, I talked about how the EUR/USD has a natural bias to sell-off in the first month of the year as investors reverse their year end flows. Since 1997, the EUR/USD has sold off in the month of January 72.7 percent of the time. If we include the currency pair’s price action in 2009, the EUR/USD has now sold off 75 percent of the time in January. The combination of falling interest rates in the Eurozone, recession and a flight to safety into US dollars has led to the strongest January sell-off in the EUR/USD in more than a decade.

February Performance

Now that January is behind us, many forex traders may be wondering if there are any unique characteristics in the currency market for the month of February. Taking a look at more than 30 years worth of data, we have found that on average the trading range in USD/JPY tends to compress in the second month of the year. In fact, of all 12 months, the average trading range in USD/JPY is lowest in February. Lower volatility could mean stability for USD/JPY because high volatility hurts Yen crosses (A Turn in USD/JPY?).

Currency Performance Since January

The final chart (after jump) illustrates how all of the major currencies have performed against the US dollar in January. So far, the Japanese Yen has been the only currency to outperform the greenback.

This post can also be viewed on kathylien.com.

Low Consumer Confidence Pushes Dollar Higher

Consumer confidence fell again, this time to the lowest level on record. Consumers fear the worst, and as a result they are losing all appetite for risk. That means they will be heading for the relative safety of US dollars according to currency expert Kathy Lien. For more insight into how currencies should perform based on the latest report, read Kathy Lien's blog post below.

In more than 40 years, we have never seen US consumers this pessimistic. The Conference Board’s report on consumer confidence fell to 37.7, the lowest level on record. The disappointing consumer confidence report will drag down risk appetite and drive investors into the safety of US dollars. The rally in the US dollar is a reflection of more panic selling and not optimism about US economy. On the heels of the report, we have already seen the EUR/USD and equities turn negative. We may not see a recovery in confidence Until job security is no longer a major concern. Unfortunately with headlines in national papers touting the 74k jobs axed in one day this morning, consumers will not turn optimistic anytime soon. The one silver lining in the report is that we have seen an increase in plans to buy automobiles within the next 6 months. Major discounts are enticing consumers to buy new cars. Looking ahead, discounts and incentives will be the only for businesses to push inventory. Fourth quarter GDP is due for release on Friday and weak consumer confidence supports the market’s belief that growth was the weakest in 26 years.

Earlier this morning, S&P/CaseShiller reported that house prices fell 18.18 percent in the month of November, the largest decline on record. Unfortunately house prices still have room to fall as the labor market remains weak and more inventory floods the market over the next few months.

This post can also be viewed on kathylien.com.

Reviewing The Latest Quarterly Gold Report

Despite the extreme volatility of gold prices, investors continued to dump more money into gold throughout 2008. The latest quarterly gold report shows us some interesting figures and clearly displays that despite the volatility, many investors feel more comfortable holding gold then various other investments. Tim Iacono from The Mess That Greenspan Made takes a closer look at the report and tries to shed some light on the precious metal's up and down performance.

The World Gold Council released their quarterly Gold Investment Digest yesterday and it contained a number of very good charts including the one below that recounts the many financial market crises that drove investors away from other financial assets and into gold.
They noted that the rising price of gold was quite impressive given all the carnage that occurred elsewhere, most equity markets and many other commodities tumbling 40-50 percent or more for the year as the price of gold posted its eighth annual gain, up four percent.

Holdings by the ten gold ETFs around the world climbed to new record highs with another 96 tonnes purchased during the fourth quarter following a whopping 145 tonne addition in the third quarter.

As shown below, the total amount of gold in the ETFs rose to 1190 tonnes by year-end, worth more than $33 billion. Note that the SPDR Gold Shares ETF (NYSEArca:GLD) just added another 13 tonnes yesterday after a three tonne increase on Monday bringing its holdings to 819 tonnes, by far the largest of the bunch.
Elsewhere in the report, mine production was said to be stable, up just two percent overall from a year ago with a number of countries, notably South Africa, experiencing sharp declines. China passed South Africa last year as the world's biggest gold producer.

De-hedging continued but will have a much smaller impact in the future as the total outstanding hedge book now stands at just 526 tonnes. As shown to the right, during the four quarters ending in Q3-2008, miners de-hedged a total of 368 tonnes.

Note that official central bank gold sales dropped sharply, ending up considerably below the 500 tonnes allowed during the fourth year of the Washington Agreement on Gold.

Jewellery demand rose during the third quarter (the most recent quarter for which data is available) and was up modestly on a year-over-year basis, however, the fourth quarter will likely show a big decline due to the worsening worsening economic conditions around the world.

As should be clear in the table, it is the increase in investment demand, not jewellery demand or industrial uses, that supported the gold price in 2008 and this is likely to continue this year.

This post can also be viewed on themessthatgreenspanmade.blogspot.com.

What Is Going On In The Forex Market Right Now?

The currency markets have been going crazy lately, with several currency pairs forming new, or close to new, records. With all this volatility what are currency investors to think? Currency expert Kathy Lien attempts to answer this question in her blog post below.

There has been a lot of volatility in the foreign exchange market this morning, driving currencies to historic levels:

GBP/USD - 23 Year Low
USD/JPY - 13 Year Low
NZD/USD - 6 Year Low
EUR/JPY - 6 Year Low
CAD/JPY - 13 Year Low
GBP/JPY - Record Low
NZD/JPY - 8 Year Low

The most significant moves have been in the British pound, which fell to a 23 year low against the US dollar and in USD/JPY, which fell to the lowest level in 13 years. Comments from former Fed Chairman Volcker triggered a wave of risk aversion that led to a technical break in the currency market. He said “we are in serious recession, with no end clearly in sight.” Although there is no question that the US economy is in trouble, by saying that there is no end in sight means that there is no hope which coming from the chairman of Obama’s newly formed Economic Recovery Advisory Board is significant. By saying that he does not an end to the recession is certainly not good advice. Treasury Secretary Nominee Geithner expects an Obama economic stimulus plan to be released in the next few weeks but unfortunately Volcker’s comments overshadowed the prospect of a stimulus plan. Yesterday’s sharp sell-off made investors nervous but Volcker’s comments pushed them over the edge.
We are continuing to see flight to safety into the US dollar and Japanese Yen. Investors are looking to hide in the lowest yielding currencies.

We also had comments from ECB President Trichet and SNB President Hildebrand. Trichet defended the ECB’s monetary policy and said they haven’t decided if 2 percent is the lowest level for rates.

Intervention by Swiss National Bank?

The Swiss franc collapsed after SNB Hildebrand said that the central banks is considering selling francs to halt the currency’s gains. With interest rates already at 0.5 percent, they have no room to ease monetary policy. Therefore they may have to resort to fixed rate currency intervention.

This post can also be viewed on kathylien.com.

Retail Sales Dissapoint: Impact On Dollar

As expected December retail sales disappointed as more consumers cut back spending thanks to the ailing economy. According to currency expert Kathy Lien, the U.S. will likely see very weak fourth quarter GDP numbers which will lead to the USD falling against some major currencies. But some other currencies have major problems of their own that could counteract this latest poor showing from the U.S. economy. See Kathy Lien's full analysis in her blog post below.

For the 6th month in a row, US consumers have cut back spending. The December consumer spending data tells us that retailers had a very tough time this holiday shopping season. Consumers reduced their spending by 2.7 percent but if you take out year end deals in the auto sector, retail sales actually fell 3.1 percent, the largest decline in at least 16 years. The Grinch really stole Christmas this year and no one is happy about it. Lower gasoline prices continued to drive down gas station receipts, but weaker spending was seen across the board. The worry now is that more retailers will be forced to file for bankruptcy protection and the latest consumer spending reinforces those fears. With more than 1 million Americans out of work in the last 2 months, concern about job security lead to more nimble shopping over the Christmas holidays.

Import prices dropped for the fifth month in a row, but by less than the market had expected.

Expect fourth quarter GDP to be very weak. Retail sales is one of the primary inputs to GDP and the sharp drop in consumer spending suggests that GDP could have fallen as much as 4 percent. The dollar should continue to weaken against the Japanese Yen but the Euro has its own host of problems. There are reports that Ireland may call in the IMF if the economy weakens. This is yet another reason why the ECB could cut interest rates on Thursday.

This post can also be viewed on kathylien.com.

U.S. Exports Continue Their Downward Trend

Last year, while the U.S. dollar was down, manufacturers were joyfully experiencing one of the the loan bright spots in the U.S. economy, increased exports. Oh, how things can rapidly change for the worse. The latest trade report showed that U.S. exports were down again, for the fourth consecutive time. Is there any bright spots left in the economy? If so they are hiding pretty well. James Picerno from The Capital Spectator looks closer at the latest trade report in his blog post below.

The trade boom is fading. That's no great surprise, given the weakening state of the global economy. But the slippage in export-related activity comes at an especially challenging moment for the U.S.

Exports remained a bright spot for the U.S. economy last year. As other areas weakened in 2008, the American export machine bucked the trend. It was a timely boost, offering some hope that the approaching recession might be mitigated and perhaps even sidestepped altogether.

The high point came in last year's second quarter, when real (inflation-adjusted) export activity soared 12.3% on an annualized basis while GDP advanced 2.8%. That took some of the sting out of the drop in durable goods spending and a growing sense of unease otherwise in the GDP trend. In the third quarter, the export boom slowed but remained robust, rising 3.0%, in sharp contrast to the 0.5% decline in GDP.

The long-suffering dollar was no small advantage for juicing exports. As the greenback declined, the price cuts on American goods and services became increasingly attractive to foreign countries. Then in July 2008, the dollar began to rally. Although the U.S. Dollar Index has been trading in a range recently, it's still up sharply from its summer lows.

It was a tempting notion to think that exports would save us, although we warned last summer about expecting too much from the trend. "There's a limit to how much economic gain any nation can enjoy through a weakening of its currency," CS wrote in July. "Devaluation may offer short-term benefits, but the U.S. can't devalue its way to prosperity for very long."

The dollar's recent strength at the moment surely isn't helping U.S. exporting activity, nor is the credit crisis or the general economic turmoil blowing through economies around the world. Few analysts expected the fourth quarter GDP report to deliver anything other than a negative number. Today's trade update for November only strengthens that forecast. Exports dropped nearly 5.8% last month, the fourth consecutive montly decline.

No one will be shocked by the trend, although it's a humbling reminder that the economy has nowhere to hide. Employment, consumer spending, and so on have each fallen victim to the ill winds of recession. Exports are no exception. As we discussed on Friday, this is the eye of the economic hurricane and, as a result, all news from the dismal science is likely to be discouraging news for the time being. Not forever, but for a few quarters at least. Time moves slowly when you're waiting for a bottom.

This post can also be viewed on capitalspectator.com.

Currency Predictions For 2009

All things relating to the economy were crazy in 2008, to say the least, but now that it is over, what does 2009 have in store for us? Currency expert Kathy Lien attempts to look into her crystal ball and determine how the new year will be for the key currencies. Forex investors should make sure to check out her latest blog post below.

2008 has been a crazy year in the foreign exchange markets and hopefully 2009 will bring more steady times for the global economy as a whole. The tremendous amount of fiscal and monetary stimulus that central banks around the world have doled out should begin to have their effect in the second half of the year. Countries that will be the first to rise from the ashes are the ones whose currencies have lost the most value in 2008. In contrast, the countries whose currencies soared will have a much more difficult time recovering.

In 2009, we will be celebrating the 10 year anniversary of the Euro and in January, people around the world will cheer the inauguration of brand new US President. Obama embodies change and hopefully that change will help to pull the US economy out of recession.

Make sure you read my 2009 currency forecasts. I talk about what I expect fundamentally and technically for the following currencies in the year ahead.

US dollar forecast
Euro forecast
British pound forecast
Japanese Yen forecast
Australian dollar forecast
New Zealand dollar forecast
Canadian dollar forecast
Swiss Franc forecast

This post can also be found on kathylien.com.

Strong Dollar: Taking Its Toll On Corporate Earnings

While savers and retirees are excited about the recent strength shown by the U.S. dollar, not everyone is happy about it. Since the dollar has strengthened, corporate earnings have taken a hit, and it is no coincidence. A stronger dollar means that U.S. goods sold overseas all of the sudden become more expensive, and as a result sales suffer. Currency expert Kathy Lien explains this phenomenon in more detail below.

I have spoke often about the consequences of a strong currency. In the case of the US, the weak dollar in the first half of the year has helped to contribute to Q2 and for some Q3 corporate earnings as well. However I strongly believe that Q4 earnings will be very bad. Partly because of the global recession and partly because of the strong US dollar.

There is an article in the Wall Street Journal today titled “Stronger Dollar Cools Sales in Overseas Hot Spots” that talk about this same theme.

But I want to show you their charts on US exports:

Source: WSJ

And now take a look at a chart of the Dollar Index:

Source: Bloomberg

Do you see the correlation?

Also, the strength of the Japanese Yen is a big reason why Toyota is forecasting their first loss in 7 DECADES!!

Source: WSJ

This post can also be viewed on kathylien.com.

How Will Deflation Worries Affect Gold?

Gold has historically been an asset that people turned to when they are worried about inflation. Today, though, we are in a very unique situation. Governments around the world still don't have inflation under control, but there is a lot of worry right now of deflation. Because inflation is tracking down and deflation is on the horizon nuemours measures are being taken that could have dramatic impact on inflation, and the price of gold, in the future. Deflation may or may not ultimately come, but if it does what impact will it have on Gold prices? What about if deflation doesn't come, and inflation spikes, what then? Tim Iacono from The Mess That Greenspan Made looks closer at that question in his blog post below.

This morning's Ahead of the Tape column($) in the Wall Street Journal neatly summarizes conventional wisdom regarding gold, beginning with the 'ol "inflation hedge" saw.

As the quintessential hard asset, one that traditionally hedges against rising consumer prices, gold's trajectory these days should be downward. After all, prices for just about every other commodity, from oil to nickel to cotton, have plunged as inflation risks have seemingly abated and as investors increasingly fear deflation.

Yet, gold has largely traded between $750 and $850 an ounce for the last few months, and is up about 8% since the Fed cut interest rates to between 0% and 0.25% last week.

It hasn't been an entirely smooth ride. Gold sank amid panic this fall as investors crowded into the U.S. dollar. And it remains well under its $1,002 close back in March. But the metal hasn't stumbled nearly to the degree many other commodities have. Clearly, deflation worries aren't tugging at gold.

It's probably fair to say that, with what the central banks around the world have been doing over the last year or so, gold owners who are now worried about the recent downward trend in the consumer price index are few and far between.

It continues...

And while inflation isn't apparent today, stimulus packages and bailouts mean much more money in the system. That is classically inflationary. Moreover, despite efforts to sop up this liquidity later, the effects of unintended consequences might mean some portion of the trillions added to the Fed's balance sheet are likely to "stick around" to fuel inflation, says Axel Merk, who recently increased gold exposure in his Merk Hard Asset Fund and personal portfolio.

Says Malcolm Southwood, commodities analyst at Goldman Sachs JBWere in Australia, "I'm telling clients that the environment over the next five years is extremely constructive because of the inflationary risks further out."

Near-term gold could still demonstrate some weakness as the last of the panic trade peters out. And if the European Union cuts interest rates, as some expect, that could boost the dollar's value, which could undermine gold. And U.S. and European Central banks could sell gold to raise cash to pay for bailouts, which would be bearish for gold prices. But Mr. Southwood suspects Asian central bankers looking to diversify reserves would grab that supply, seeing the sales as "an alarm signal about the dollar."

And what if deflation does hit? Even that doesn't necessarily spell doom for gold, as some think. During the deflationary Great Depression, "gold preserved its value," says Matt McLennan, a lead manager at First Eagle funds, which runs a gold fund. "It preserved its purchasing power."

Yes, some of this new money is likely to "stick around" as Axel Merk says - maybe a lot of it.

This post can also be viewed on themessthatgreenspanmade.blogspot.com.

U.S. Dollar Rallies, But Will It Last?

The latest jobless claim report came in better than expected, although, while the numbers were better than expected they certainly were not good. Considering everything that is going on in the financial world, though, any time numbers come in better than expected there is a certain exuberance emitted, as people hope that this might be the first sign of recovery. While recovery is not likely anytime soon, it doesn't stop people from hoping. Of the recent announcements affecting the dollar, some have been good, while others have been bad. Currency expert Kathy Lien evaluates the impact of these recent happenings on the U.S. dollar in her blog post below.

Here’s a snippet from my Daily Currency Focus on GFTforex.com

After seeing the US dollar sell off for 5 straight days against the Euro and Japanese Yen, we were not entirely surprised to see today’s recovery, especially on the heels of better than expected economic data. The market has become accustomed to disappointments so good news was a welcome change. The European Central Bank has also reduced the interest rate that it offers to banks that deposit with them in order to encourage lending. The 15 percent rally in the Euro has led many to people to believe that the ECB may reconsider their plan to hold interest rates steady in January and the deposit rate cut was seen as a step in that direction. Thin market conditions near the holidays have exacerbated the volatility in the currency market. However even though the greenback is higher today, we had both positive and negative news impacting the dollar.

The Good News: Better Data, Oil at $36, More Stimulus on the Way

The Philly Fed index and jobless claims were better than expected, but the improvements still masked underlying weakness. New orders singlehandedly drove the Philly Fed index higher as sharp deteriorations were seen in the other 8 subcomponents. Even though the number of people claiming unemployment benefits still rose by more than 500k last week, the rise was less than the previous period, which suggests that the hemorrhaging in the labor market is slowing. However that has not stopped weekly claims from hitting a new high. There was also news that Obama’s economic team is looking to push through a stimulus package worth up $775B over the next two years. This package should play a big role in helping to turn the US economy around. Oil prices have also fallen to a 4 year low of $36 a barrel, which represents a 75 percent decline from its record high. In may not be long before we see gasoline prices at $1.50 a gallon. Lower oil prices acts as a tax cut for consumers and should help to improve consumer spending.

The Bad News: GE AAA Rating at Risk, Pessimistic Comments from Fed Official

Aside from the fact that the good news masked underlying weakness, more worrisome reports have hit the corporate sector. Leading indicators fell to the lowest level in 4 years on the back of a sharp rise in jobless claims and decline in US equities. Standard & Poor’s revised General Electric’s rating outlook from stable to negative, which suggests that GE’s AAA credit rating may be at risk. A company’s credit rating is directly tied to their cost of borrowing and their overall health. GE’s problems center on their financial unit which was hit hard by the credit crisis. All Big 3 automakers have also announced that they will idle a number of their plants over the next month, reflecting the severity of their financial situation.

Despite the recent rate cut, Fed officials remain very pessimistic about the outlook for the US economy. Fed President Fisher expects the US economy to continue to contract in 2009, driving the unemployment rate past 8%. Having leaned towards hawkishness in the past, Fisher’s dovish comments are particularly alarming. However Greenspan expects the economy to rebound in 6 to 12 months, but of course he is no longer involved in US monetary policy.

This post can also be viewed at kathylien.com.

Looking Ahead To The Bubble Of Tomorrow

As we deal with the consequences of the current asset bubbles popping around us, it is hard to give any thought to future bubbles. However, considering all the recent moves that the government has made, we really do need to pay attention to what their ramifications will be. The things that the government has done are unprecedented, and we should expect the next round of bubbles to be the same. James Picerno from The Capital Spectator talks more in depth about this in his blog post below.

Governments are now working overtime in dispensing monetary and fiscal medicines intended to renew, restore and revive battered economies. In time the aid will quicken the economic heartbeat, although exactly when and to what degree is unknown. The patient has for years gorged on any number of goodies, ranging from the sweet treats of leverage and the candied delights of easy money to roller-coaster thrills of irrational investing.

The party, of course, is over, and the cleanup may go on for some time—probably longer than we expect. In a somewhat haphazard and increasingly desperate effort to ease the current and future pain, governments are dishing out unprecedented rounds of stimulus pills. For obvious reasons, everyone's watching each new step in what promises to be a long run of conventional and unconventional programs intent on propping up economies from east to west, north and south and everywhere in between.

But while the lion's share of attention is on the medicines, what might follow once the patient is no longer in imminent danger of cardiac arrest? In a speculative exercise of considering the possibilities, we offer the following thoughts for the post-crisis world order, which one day will arrive, amazing as it seems at the moment.

* Inflation
Yes, inflation. Strange as it sounds to talk about inflation at a time when deflation seems to be stalking the U.S. economy, it's never too early to think about the natural state of economic affairs. One day (don't ask us when), all this stimulus and its baggage will be yours. Pulling back on the sea of money washing ashore will eventually require the mother of all mopping-up campaigns. Assuming, of course, the Fed and central banks around the world have the stomach for the task.

Make no mistake: pulling back will be tough, very tough. Imagine the scenario a year from now. Let's make a big assumption and say that the economy's showing signs of life and GDP manages to post a modest 1% rise in Q4 2009, with more of the same expected for 2010. Higher interest rates would certainly be warranted, relative to the near-zero levels of the moment. Perhaps much higher rates will be required. But will Bernanke and the boys be willing and able?

The political pressure to keep the stimulus going will probably be immense. Meanwhile, warnings of higher inflation at some point are likely to fall on deaf ears for an extended period. Higher inflation, after all, is just what the Fed wanted by lowering rates so low and so arguments for containing the revival in prices will initially dismissed.

Yes, the inflation beast will work his way back into the director's chair. He always does, and he has a thousand tricks up his sleeve. His task will be all the easier if the deflation mindset takes root, which looks increasingly possible.

Nonetheless, some corners of finance are worried about the longer-term risks. That includes the dollar sellers and the gold buyers. Yes, deflation is a risk, but in the long run history tells us that inflation always comes out on top eventually.

What's more, a sudden change in the weather is hardly beyond the pale. Recall that inflation worries were all the rage earlier this year. Yet that fear quickly gave way to deflation. Expecting smooth and gradual changes on the pricing front may be asking for too much in the 21st century.

* Oil
Just as inflation worries have been banished in recent months, so too are the headline-grabbing predictions of $200 oil. These days, that's a forecast with one too many zeroes.

But let's be clear: the recession-inducing fears that are pushing oil lower these days will eventually abate. That doesn't mean oil will suddenly resume its skyward run at the first sign of economic stability. But marginal growth in oil demand isn't dead; it's merely hibernating.

China, India, and, yes, the United States will one day be in need of more oil. Yes, green technology will slow future demand for fossil fuels. But unless you're expecting miracles, the world economy will almost certainly be consuming more oil in 3 to 5 years compared with today. The crowd, however, will be focused on demand trends over the next year or two and thereby conclude that high oil prices are forever gone. Oil companies will be pressured into agreeing, resulting in a sharp decline in searching for and developing new oil fields. Those are the seeds that will push prices higher once more, perhaps to new all-time heights, although probably not for several years.

* The Bubble of 2013?
No one knows where all the stimulus will wind up, but there are pretty good odds (and a fair amount of historical precedent) suggesting that exuberance will eventually reanimate itself with all its immoderate excess intact. Some say that Treasuries are now a bubble waiting to burst, courtesy of interest rates that can only go higher from here. Perhaps, although it's a safe bet that one day, perhaps sooner than we expect, bubble sightings will return.

Bubbles, writes John Kemp of Reuters, are no accident. "It is the direct consequence of the Fed's asymmetric response to shifts in asset prices." Much will depend on whether the reflation policy is, at the appropriate time, wound up and put in the closet. In theory, it's a no-brainer. In practice, there are complications.

Finally, we bring all this up mainly as a reminder that it's always difficult to maintain strategic perspective. Two years ago, when all the major asset classes were rising, few could imagine the current pain of the moment. Similarly, looking at where we're headed several years from now looks about as relevant as studying the moons of Saturn. But the future keeps coming, even if we're not looking. It's tempting to make all our investment decisions based on what happened yesterday, but we're all probably better off keeping our strategic-investing focus on what's likely to unfold several years from now. No easy task, to be sure. Par for the course if you're intent on winning the investment game.

This post can also be viewed on capitalspectator.com.

Flurry Of Fed Moves Could Lead To Hyper Inflation

In what was a surprising move yesterday, the Fed dropped the Fed funds rate basically to zero, surpassing market expectations. Everyone fears deflation, and the Fed is willing to do whatever it takes to avoid it. But as Toni Straka from The Prudent Investor points out, these drastic moves could soon lead us to hyper inflation.

Share and bond markets rallied on Tuesday after the Federal Reserve announced that it will give away new money for almost free, lowering the Fed Funds target range to a historical low of 0% to 0.25%. The Fed had cut the Fed Funds rate in late October by 50 basis points. The new record low rate is a reaction to to the de facto status quo in treasury securities where short maturities of up to 6 months trade at yields below the upper end of the target range.

In a most unusual move the Fed provided publishable background on its decision, writes the WSJ blog, detailing it all here. The Fed has not held press briefings until now.

While markets welcomed the bold move, gold, the canary in the mine of inflation, advanced as well, piercing the important resistance at $850. Investors are obviously pricing in that all Treasuries yield less than the inflation rate of currently 3.7% YOY.

But the move to a zero interest rate policy will come at the cost of higher inflation in 2009 and 2010, it can be safely predicted. Chairman Ben Bernanke and his fellow Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) members pulled out all stops in order to jumpstart the economy and assured market participants that the Fed would continue to engage in the dubious game of printing fresh money for collateral it does not want to talk about.

Once more proving their image of inflationistas par excellence the FOMC said the Fed can be expected to hold on to its free money policy for quite some time and use all tools to promote a return to growth.

The Federal Reserve will employ all available tools to promote the resumption of sustainable economic growth and to preserve price stability. In particular, the Committee anticipates that weak economic conditions are likely to warrant exceptionally low levels of the federal funds rate for some time.

But money for nothing alone will not help, the Fed reasoned, preparing markets for more growth in the Fed's balance sheet after it has exploded from $800 billion to $2.2 trillion since last summer. Expect the Fed to continue to buy more worthless MBS (mortgage backed securities) while substituting the banking sector in the commercial paper market.

The focus of the Committee's policy going forward will be to support the functioning of financial markets and stimulate the economy through open market operations and other measures that sustain the size of the Federal Reserve's balance sheet at a high level. As previously announced, over the next few quarters the Federal Reserve will purchase large quantities of agency debt and mortgage-backed securities to provide support to the mortgage and housing markets, and it stands ready to expand its purchases of agency debt and mortgage-backed securities as conditions warrant. The Committee is also evaluating the potential benefits of purchasing longer-term Treasury securities. Early next year, the Federal Reserve will also implement the Term Asset-Backed Securities Loan Facility to facilitate the extension of credit to households and small businesses. The Federal Reserve will continue to consider ways of using its balance sheet to further support credit markets and economic activity.

I translate this into "we will throw (fiat) money (that costs us next to nothing) on every problem as we did in the past 2 decades." See more worthless money created that will be exchanged for more MBS that are valued on a theoretical basis, i.e. not the market price which may be only a tiny fraction of the initial face value.

The announcement that the Fed is looking into buying longer term US Tresuries raises immediate fears that the Fed will be monetizing the federal debt again after a portfolio shift towards MBS in the recent past. Any talk about deflation misses the point of unprecedented monetary inflation that will show up in the real economy 2009/10.

Eric de Carbonnel argues at DollarDaze that monetary inflation does not even have to pump up money supply - my favorite theory - but that it is a loss of confidence that increases the velocity of money, resulting in the dange of hyper inflation.

The record low official Fed Funds rate may be elusive though. Jake at EconomPicData sees a disconnect between municipal bonds and Treasuries, reflecting the horrendous outlook for cash strapped communities which had invested heavily in property debt. Now they are broke.

GRAPH: The yield spread between Munis and 5-year Treasuries soared to a record high of 325 basis points. Graph courtesy of EconomPicData.

DollarDaze draws a historical comparison that shows deflation can be a hazy illusion.

As an example of deflation leading to hyperinflation, consider the case of the Weimar Republic. In 1920, Germany experienced a deflationary collapse, with the average citizen finding it harder and harder to get enough money for necessities. Banks, short of money, could not honor checks, and businesses were strapped for cash to buy materials and meet payroll. Fearing a collapse that would throw millions of workers out on the street, the German government desperately printed money in an attempt to re-inflate the economy. During this period, despite the government's money printing, the mark actually gained in value against foreign currencies, so that prices of imported goods fell by some 50%.

Eventually, as a result of the money supply's rapid expansion, the nation's massive foreign debt, and the shrinking economy, German citizens lost all confidence in their currency, and the Weimar Republic experienced one of the worst cases of hyperinflation in modern economic history.

Check out the time series of the Weimar hyper inflation - with the interim "correction" before it went parabolic - here.

The new policy to lend money to banks for free shows that the Fed is obviously willing to monetize all debt problems that come along. With its seven new financing tools introduced since the beginning of the crisis in August 2007 the Fed is already intervening in MBS markets and tries to keep the commercial paper market afloat.

But after all these attempts are nothing more than new fiat money with a different ribbon. The road to hyper inflation is clearly visible as were most problems already more than 3 years ago.
Time will show whether the Fed has been correct in its view of current conditions. Taking it from the past 15 months the Fed has been behind the curve despite its fast moves. It is to be doubted that the increasing readiness to prop up all markets with new money will mitigate the crisis. It will rather delay it but the point of no return comes closer with every day. Central banks have a bad record of containing inflation once they set the process into motion willingly.

But these facilities have not brought the liquefying effect the Fed had hoped for. So far all attempts to revive credit markets have failed, observes not only Bloomberg, which has all the details on Tuesday's rate decision.

This post can also be viewed on prudentinvestor.blogspot.com.

Fed Drops Fed Funds Rate To Zero

Well, it looks like the Fed wasn't going to take any chances, they played all their interest rate cards as they dropped the target federal funds rate down to the 0 to 0.25 percent range. They obviously were trying to send a powerful message since most investors and economists only predicted a 0.5 percent reduction. It will be interesting to see how this plays out, but the U.S. has officially won the race to zero. Economics professor Mark Thoma from The Economist's View looks closer at this new development, and brings in some additional outside thoughts and opinions, in his blog post below.

The Fed announced it will move the target federal funds rate into the zero to .25% range, an that it plans to keep it there for some time.

Here's the Fed's statement:

Press Release: The Federal Open Market Committee decided today to establish a target range for the federal funds rate of 0 to 1/4 percent.

Since the Committee's last meeting, labor market conditions have deteriorated, and the available data indicate that consumer spending, business investment, and industrial production have declined. Financial markets remain quite strained and credit conditions tight. Overall, the outlook for economic activity has weakened further.

Meanwhile, inflationary pressures have diminished appreciably. In light of the declines in the prices of energy and other commodities and the weaker prospects for economic activity, the Committee expects inflation to moderate further in coming quarters.

The Federal Reserve will employ all available tools to promote the resumption of sustainable economic growth and to preserve price stability. In particular, the Committee anticipates that weak economic conditions are likely to warrant exceptionally low levels of the federal funds rate for some time.

The focus of the Committee's policy going forward will be to support the functioning of financial markets and stimulate the economy through open market operations and other measures that sustain the size of the Federal Reserve's balance sheet at a high level. As previously announced, over the next few quarters the Federal Reserve will purchase large quantities of agency debt and mortgage-backed securities to provide support to the mortgage and housing markets, and it stands ready to expand its purchases of agency debt and mortgage-backed securities as conditions warrant. The Committee is also evaluating the potential benefits of purchasing longer-term Treasury securities. Early next year, the Federal Reserve will also implement the Term Asset-Backed Securities Loan Facility to facilitate the extension of credit to households and small businesses. The Federal Reserve will continue to consider ways of using its balance sheet to further support credit markets and economic activity.

Voting for the FOMC monetary policy action were: Ben S. Bernanke, Chairman; Christine M. Cumming; Elizabeth A. Duke; Richard W. Fisher; Donald L. Kohn; Randall S. Kroszner; Sandra Pianalto; Charles I. Plosser; Gary H. Stern; and Kevin M. Warsh.

In a related action, the Board of Governors unanimously approved a 75-basis-point decrease in the discount rate to 1/2 percent. In taking this action, the Board approved the requests submitted by the Boards of Directors of the Federal Reserve Banks of New York, Cleveland, Richmond, Atlanta, Minneapolis, and San Francisco. The Board also established interest rates on required and excess reserve balances of 1/4 percent.

Well, that's it, we're at zero now. Any further monetary policy action will have to come through other means, e.g. quantitative easing and the purchase of financial assets.

Brad DeLong adds:

Hale "Bonddad" Stewart Is Scared: The Federal Reserve reacts to the fact that the economy train has arrived in Depression City.

Stewart writes:

Hale "Bonddad" Stewart: The Fed's Kitchen Sink Interest Rate Policy: The Fed announced their policy of establishing "a target range for the federal funds rate of 0 to 1/4 percent." This brings two points to mind:

1. The Fed has no interest rate moves left. This is it.
2. The Fed is terrified about the economy. And they have good reason:

Since the Committee's last meeting, labor market conditions have deteriorated, and the available data indicate that consumer spending, business investment, and industrial production have declined. Financial markets remain quite strained and credit conditions tight. Overall, the outlook for economic activity has weakened further....

The Fed will step up their other activities...

To the point: the Fed is scared right now. I mean really scared. And they will do anything even remotely possible right now.

Paul Krugman:

ZIRP!: That’s zero interest rate policy. And it has arrived. America has turned Japanese.

This is the thing I’ve been afraid of ever since I realized that Japan really was in the dreaded, possibly mythical liquidity trap. You can read my 1998 Brookings Paper on the issue here.

Incidentally, there were a bunch of us at Princeton worrying about the Japan problem in the early years of this decade. I was one; Lars Svensson, currently at Sweden’s Riksbank, was another; a third was a guy named Ben Bernanke. I wonder whatever happened to him?

Seriously, we are in very deep trouble. Getting out of this will require a lot of Show allcreativity, and maybe some luck too.

This post can also be viewed on economistsview.typepad.com.

The Next Big Bubble To Burst: U.S. Treasuries

Everyone in the world knows that the U.S. has a huge debt, and that the U.S. economy is performing poorly. Yet, people are flocking to U.S. treasuries like never before driving yields down to record lows. The U.S. has no plans of stopping the debt train, though, so who knows how high it will go. We are on uncharted ground right now, and all it would take to push this train off the tracks is one major debt holder to start selling. Lots of other bubbles have burst recently, so why not possibly the biggest one of all? Needless to say if this happens there will be serious ramifications for the U.S. and the rest of the world, which is probably why it hasn't happened already. Toni Straka from The Prudent Investor looks closer at this looming problem in his blog post below.

Having seen most of the bubbles bursting I had listed in this post from 2005 the world may soon be in for the mother of all bubbles. With a size of $10 trillion the US government debt market has remained the world's #1, now that MBS have shed the better part of their initial values.

US treasuries have long been hailed as a safe haven for money fleeing from other overheated markets. Massive losses in more or less all other asset classes in the past 15 months have shown that investors followed Pavlov's reflexes, driving the 10-year yield to a record low of 2.55% last week.

CHART: The yield for 10-year US Treasury debt fell to a record low of 2.55% last week. This chart may see a sudden reversal based on the fundamentals.

It may be questioned whether this trust into the Federal Reserve's ability to contain long term inflation is justified, given the fact that chairman Ben Bernanke will enter history as the fastest money printer of all times.

While the Fed has reduced its federal debt holdings by $290 billion to $484 billion (buying doubtful MBS instead) in the last 12 months it was foreign investors TIC data and Treasury statistics show.

This has driven yields across the curve to record lows, leaving investors with a negative real yield when discounting inflation. US Inflation was 3.7% YOY as of October.

Institutional investors have been allocating more money into US treasuries recently, citing the safe haven status of American government bonds. But this era may be coming to an end as so many things do nowadays.

There appears to be a split of opinion. While European and American investors follow the old rule of buying US debt with a questionnable AAA rating their Asian counterparts see themselves trapped with US debt holdings they cannot sell in order to avoid a panicky stampede out of the biggest market of all.

The deficit outlook justifies a skeptical approach. Barack Obama will have to finance a budget deficit of an estimated $1 trillion in 2009, the biggest in American history. If Mr. Obama will not manage a U-turn in foreign policy which was mainly based on ignorance and arrogance under Bush, he could run into financing problems. China has urged other countries to replace Federal Reserve Notes with their own currencies in bilateral trade and voiced its concern about US fiscal policy repeatedly.

The global downturn may bring a different borrowing climate too. Losses in all asset classes across the board and record low yields will result in lower reinvestment amounts overall, it can be safely projected.
The borrowing needs will skyrocket as both the federal government and bankrupt local communities will scramble for funds to replace sudden drops in tax revenues.

Bets On A US Default Become More Expensive
While still being a mainstay for investors from all around the world, not everybody is confident about the future of a USA in the grip from the biggest financial crisis ever. Some wary souls are increasingly buying insurance against a default of the US government. According to a Reuters report from November 26, credit default swaps involving Treasuries reached a record high.

Ten-year U.S. Treasury CDS widened to 54.7 basis points from Tuesday's close of 50.0 basis points, credit data company CMA DataVision said.
Five-year Treasury CDS jumped to a record 52.0 basis points from Tuesday's close of 47.50 basis points, it said.

In plain language this means investors were willing to pay $54,700 to insure a portfolio of $10 million 10-year debt paper.

Summarizing the fundamentals such as no end to new debts, tax shortfalls, higher social and military expenditures, a central bank willing to monetize the debt and flooding the world with fresh Federal Reserve Notes, it can be safely bet that this bubble will end like all bubbles: In a gigantic burst that will unsettle everything we have learned about investing in the past.

A hat tip to Econbrowser who undug this paper by Stanford economics professor John Taylor on the failures of the Fed in the current crisis and why it all became worse this autumn.

I stand by my opinion that monetary inflation is in the early stages worldwide and will have seeped through into the real economy in 2009/10.

This article has been reposted from The Prudent Investor. The full post can also be viewed on The Prudent Investor.

U.S. Debt Offerings: The Biggest Ponzi Scheme In History?

The U.S. Treasury has not been able to keep up with the monetary demands from the Fed which lead them to request the authority to print their own debt. In what has to be considered a ridiculous run up in the national debt of late, this move just compounds the potential problems. This is leading some people to question the validity of U.S. sovereign debt. Is the U.S. government running the biggest ponzi scheme in history? It sure seems like it. Toni Straka from The Prudent Investor looks closer at this in his blog post below.

Ladies and gentleman, fasten your seat belts in anticipation of more monetary madness. In its drive to keep the helicopters above Wall Street (and certain privileged corporate headquarters) filled with colourful stacks of fiat money that can be showered onto everybody that is deemed too big to fail the Federal Reserve blueprints a new layer of debt, writes the Wall Street Journal on Wednesday.

According to the story based on sources "familiar with the matter" the Fed considers to issue its own debt. This would allow the Fed to circumvent banks as intermediaries, possibly leading to a recovery of capital markets. But it could also lead to a situation where the Fed would be a direct competitor to the US Treasury in debt issuance.

While the privately owned Fed's right to print unbacked fiat money is already constitutionally doubtful (see my sidebar) even the Federal Reserve Act does not explicitly permit the Fed to issue debt either.

As chairman Ben Bernanke religiously follows a policy of the easiest money ever in order to combat what will become a bigger depression than the 1930s Ben is looking into new ways to drop Federal Reserve Notes all over the world.


Always remember that chairman Ben Bernanke has become the biggest and fastest money printer in the history of mankind by now, doubling the monetary base within a week. It took 95 years for the first 750 billion. Ben added the same amount last November.

The WSJ reasons that the Fed has to make a move because of the explosive growth of its balance sheet and the questionnable quality of its collateral.

What the WSJ does not ask is whether the continuation of the game of unlimited funny money is another desperate attempt to keep the biggest Ponzi scheme of all times running a little longer. Without ever expanding credit the whole FRN scheme is destined to fail as did ALL other unbacked fiat currencies before.

From the WSJ:

The Federal Reserve is considering issuing its own debt for the first time, a move that would give the central bank additional flexibility as it tries to stabilize rocky financial markets.

...Fed officials have approached Congress about the concept, which could include issuing bills or some other form of debt, according to people familiar with the matter.
It isn't known whether these preliminary discussions will result in a formal proposal or Fed action. One hurdle: The Federal Reserve Act doesn't explicitly permit the Fed to issue notes beyond currency.

Just exploring the idea underscores many challenges the ongoing problems are creating for the Fed, as well as the lengths to which the central bank is going to come up with new ideas.

At the core of the deliberations is the Fed's balance sheet, which has grown from less than $900 billion to more than $2 trillion since August as it backstops new markets like commercial paper, money-market funds, mortgage-backed securities and ailing companies such as American International Group Inc.

The ballooning balance sheet is presenting complications for the Fed. In the early stages of the crisis, officials funded their programs by drawing down on holdings of Treasury bonds, using the proceeds to finance new programs. Officials don't want that stockpile to get too low. It now is about $476 billion, with some of that amount already tied up in other programs.

The Fed also has turned to the Treasury Department for cash. Treasury has issued debt, leaving the proceeds on deposit with the Fed for the central bank to use as it chose. But the Treasury said in November it was scaling back that effort. The Treasury is undertaking its own massive borrowing program and faces legal limits on how much it can borrow.

More recently, the Fed has funded programs by flooding the financial system with money it created itself -- known in central-banking circles as bank reserves -- and has used the money to make loans and purchase assets.

Some economists worry about the consequences of this approach. Fed officials could find it challenging to remove the cash from the system once markets stabilize and the economy improves. It's not a problem now, but if they're too slow to act later it can cause inflation.
Moreover, the flood of additional cash makes it harder for Fed officials to maintain interest rates at their desired level. The fed-funds rate, an overnight borrowing rate between banks, has fallen consistently below the Fed's 1% target. It is expected to reduce that target next week.

...There are also questions about the Fed's authority.

"I had always worked under the assumption that the Federal Reserve couldn't issue debt," said Vincent Reinhart, a former senior Fed staffer who is now an economist at the American Enterprise Institute. He says it is an action better suited to the Treasury Department, which has clear congressional authority to borrow on behalf of the government.

I conclude the Fed is looking for ways to fuel future monetary hyper inflation in truly creative ways. This move comes only 2 months after the Fed had announced unlimited FRN refinancing in collaboration with other major central banks.

Bernanke is of the stubborn opinion that the last depression was a result of too tight monetary policy. While this may be true to a certain extent we have no reality based example that a zero interest rate policy has helped averting an economic downturn that stemmed from too much easy money in the first place. It was the Fed that refused to recognize the unsustainable property bubble. It appears this was not their first mistake and it will not be their last one.

This article has been reposted from The Prudent Investor. The full post can also be viewed on The Prudent Investor.

The Fed Seeks Ability To Issue Own Debt

The Fed can't get enough money from the Treasury to fund all their ventures, so what do they do? Simple, they request the authority to issue their own debt. If Congress approves this measure it would give the Fed even more power, an idea that should be at least a little scary to taxpayers. Tim Iacono from The Mess That Greenspan Made looks closer at this new development in his blog post below.

One of the great mysteries of our debt-fueled financial system in general and central banking in particular is exactly when it is that "money is printed", a phrase that is thrown around quite casually by far too many people when maybe it shouldn't be.

Our fractional reserve banking system effectively "prints money" each time a new loan is made. That much should be clear. With a ten percent bank reserve ratio, each new $1,000 in deposits can generate $10,000 in loans. Where does this extra money come from? It is created "out of thin air". That's the way banks work.

Up until late-2007, Wall Street's "shadow banking system" did something similar, however, it apparently had what amounted to a zero percent reserve ratio which is one of the major reasons that we have the crisis that we have today.

As for the U.S. government, "printing money" is performed by the Federal Reserve when it buys Treasury bills (or any other assets of questionable quality) and in return provides money that it creates "out of thin air".

This is generally frowned upon for obvious reasons.

Largely as a result of the willingness of our Asian trading partners to do so, the Fed has not needed to buy much U.S. debt in recent years, its balance sheet remaining fairly constant at around $800-$900 billion up until a few months ago when Lehman Brothers was allowed to fail and the downward spiral commenced.

As most everybody knows, the Fed's balance sheet is now almost $1.5 trillion bigger, prompting the question of where exactly this $1.5 trillion came from.

Well, some of it came from the Treasury Department but, as discussed last week, a good portion of this was simply "created out of thin air" and then exchanged with companies like AIG for one toxic asset or another.

It is all adding up very quickly and, with no end in sight for the current crisis, it should come as no surprise that the central bank is looking for ways to get even more money into the system without people all around the world wondering about where all the money is coming from.

According to this report in today's Wall Street Journal, it seems the Fed is now looking at issuing its own debt in order to bypass that cumbersome Congressional approval process for issuing Treasuries.

The Federal Reserve is considering issuing its own debt for the first time, a move that would give the central bank additional flexibility as it tries to stabilize rocky financial markets.

Government debt issuance is largely the province of the Treasury Department, and the Fed already can print as much money as it wants. But as the credit crisis drags on and the economy suffers from recession, Fed officials are looking broadly for new financial tools.

Fed officials have approached Congress about the concept, which could include issuing bills or some other form of debt, according to people familiar with the matter.

It isn't known whether these preliminary discussions will result in a formal proposal or Fed action. One hurdle: The Federal Reserve Act doesn't explicitly permit the Fed to issue notes beyond currency.

Just exploring the idea underscores many challenges the ongoing problems are creating for the Fed, as well as the lengths to which the central bank is going to come up with new ideas.

As Andre Agassi used to say, "Image is everything".

Why look bad when the rest of the world remains scared to death of global financial markets, more than willing to continue gobbling up U.S. debt at ridiculously low yields, and your only real problem is that your government can't authorize enough spending fast enough?

This article has been reposted from The Mess That Greenspan Made. The full post can also be viewed on The Mess That Greenspan Made.

Here Come More Interest Rate Cuts

Central banks from around the world are cutting interest rates in dramatic fashion in an attempt to curtail the financial crisis. If these record interest rate cuts will help remains to be seen, but it seems that the world's central bankers feel it is their best hope. Tim Iacono from The Mess That Greenspan made talks more about these rate cuts in his blog post below.

Now's not the time to be timid if you're a central banker or an elected official. Day after day they watch a once vibrant world economy sink deeper into an abyss caused by a massive credit contraction following the collapse of multiple asset bubbles.

Central banks all around the world were busy today slashing interest rates with abandon:

• Bank of England -------------- cut 100 basis points to 2.0 percent
• European Central Bank -- cut 75 basis points to 2.5 percent
• Sweden's Riksbank ---------- cut 175 basis points to 2.0 percent
• Bank of New Zealand ------- cut 150 basis points to 5.0 percent
• Bank of Indonesia ------------ cut 25 basis points to 9.25 percent
  

Earlier in the week, Australia's central bank cut short-term interest rates by 100 basis points to 4.0 percent and Thailand slashed by a full percentage point.

Tumbling home prices and a rapidly weakening economy have created a near state of panic in the U.K. that makes the situation in the U.S. somehow look tame by comparison. Short term rates have fallen by 300 basis points in less than two months and they now sit at their lowest level since 1951.

On the continent, the fifteen countries that use the euro got their biggest interest rate cut in the common currency's 10-year history as the central bank attempts to mop up after collapsing housing bubbles in Spain and Ireland while also dealing with major economic slowdowns in Germany and Italy. The French just announced a $33 billion stimulus package.

Herding cats has never been more difficult.

The Swedish central bank couldn't wait for their regularly scheduled mid-December meeting and hastily made their biggest rate cut in 16 years in an attempt to combat a recession that officially began two months ago. The government also announced a $4 billion stimulus plan.

In New Zealand, rates were slashed by a record 1.5 percentage points and Reserve Bank Governor Alan Bollard indicated there are more, smaller cuts to come. The kiwis entered a recession back in the first quarter of the year and short-term rates have been slashed from 8.25 percent over the summer to just 5.0 percent.

In Indonesia, both interest rates and inflation (~12%) are still quite high and the central bank has received some criticism for making its first rate cut in over a year. They were no doubt influenced by the full-point rate cut in Thailand a few days ago.

The day is still young - there may be more rate cuts to come.

This article has been reposted from The Mess That Greenspan Made. The full post can also be viewed on The Mess That Greenspan Made.

Recession Impact On The U.S. Dollar

So how does the dollar react during a recession? You might be surprised by the consistency of its performance during recessions, but then again this recession is a little different than those of the past. Currency expert Kathy Lien looks at the historical trend and offers some insight in her blog post below.

There has been 3 recessions in the past 30 years. In each of those recessions, the dollar weakened in the first six months of the recession, then gained strength in the next six. Twelve months into the current recession, we see this pattern in the dollar repeated once again.

The more important question however is whether there is a pattern in the way the dollar performs in the second year of a recession. Taking a look at how the dollar traded in 2001, the 1990s and the 1980s, we see no consistent trend but that is only because the 1990 and 2001 recession only lasted 8 months.

The current recession can only be compared to the one in the 1980s and based upon how the dollar performed then, there could be a near term top in the US dollar in the first half of 2009. There were 2 separate recessions in the 1980s and according to the dollar index chart below, in each recession, a sharp dollar rally was followed by a sharp correction.

The space between the purple lines represent the 2 separate recessions. Even though the dollar rally did eventually continue, it was not before a meaningful correction.

I wouldn’t be surprised to see this happen again especially as the strong dollar takes a bite out of corporate earnings in the first or second quarter of 2009.

This article has been reposted from Kathy Lien. The full post can also be viewed on KathyLien.com.

Interest Rate Cut Expectations From Around The World

So which country will be the first to drop interest rates to zero? Japan has a head start, but they are not expected to drop interest rates at their next meeting. The U.S. on the other hand is expected to drop their Fed Funds rate down to 0.5 percent, and could very well win the race to zero, if things don't turn around soon for the economy. Kathy Lien looks closer at interest rates around the world and shares her expectations on how future cuts might pan out.

With the global economic downturn in full swing, one of the burning questions on everyone’s minds is who will be the first central bank to take interest rates to zero and how close will everyone else get?

We are in a global easing cycle and the varying aggressiveness of central banks around the world means that any country could be the first to see zero interest rates.

We expect December to be another active month for the foreign exchange market as central banks around the world take their interest rates to historically significant levels. There are 4 central banks with monetary policy decisions in the first week of December and all 4 are expected to cut interest rates. The closest to zero is the Bank of Japan, but having been there before, they are reluctant to revisit those levels. The US Federal Reserve and the Swiss National Bank have the second lowest interest rates. Both central banks are expected to continue to ease, but the Fed has been far more open about going to zero interest rates than the SNB. Realistically, Japan and the US will probably be the only ones to take rates all the way down to zero. Switzerland should be left with the second lowest interest rate when the dust settles followed by the Bank of England.

What Happens After Zero?
When a central bank runs out of room to cut interest rates, they resort to Quantitative Easing. This term was coined by the Bank of Japan in 2001 when interest rates were already at zero and the central bank stopped targeting the overnight call rate and turned to targeting a current account level. Their goal was to flood the Japanese financial system with liquidity by buying trillions of yen of financial securities including asset-backed instruments and equities.

It can be argued that the US has already engaged in Quantitative Easing as the government has recently announce plans to spend $800 billion to unfreeze the consumer and mortgage market. They have agreed to buy mortgage backed securities backed by government sponsored entities and could accelerate that if interest rates hit zero. Excess reserves have also increased significantly, driving the effective fed funds rate well below 0.5 percent. This would have been one of desired outcomes of quantitative easing. Last week, Fed vice chairman Donald Kohn said quantitative easing measures were under review at the central bank as normal contingency planning. The goal would be to encourage banks to lend more aggressively by coming in as a buyer at specified rates. Even though quantitative easing drove Japan into deflation, it was the key to turning around the economy and this is a risk that the US central bank may have to take.

Here’s where the major central banks stand and what is expected for the next meeting:

Federal Reserve – 50bp Cut Expected on 12/16

On October 29, the Federal Reserve took interest rates to 1 percent, which is near the record low reached in 2003 and 2004. While other countries have just started reacting aggressively to financial conditions, the Fed has been mounting cuts as far back as the middle of 2007. There has been no looking back since, as rates have been cut 425bp since 2007 and 250bp year to date. With interest rates near ultra low levels, the Federal Reserve has already resorted to unorthodox policy tools. More easing is expected with the markets torn between a 50 or 75bp rate cut in December. The FOMC statement will be particularly important this time around because the Fed will have the difficult decision of signaling a move to zero interest rates. In order to deal with this decision, they have expanded their monetary policy meeting from 1 to 2 days. Fed Chairman Ben Bernanke has remained dovish throughout the past few months which mean that another rate cut is practically guaranteed.

European Central Bank – 50bp Cut Expected on 12/04

On November 6, the European Central Bank cut interest rates by 50bp to 3.25 percent. The European Central Bank has abandoned their old monetary policy metric in the previous months, opting for a more growth-concentrated approach to interest rate decisions. Such a change has accompanied a round of rate cuts that has brought the target rate down to 3.25%. ECB President Trichet has made no indication that rate cuts would stop here. However, in relation to neighboring nations, the ECB has not acted as aggressively, dropping rates only by 75bp this year. Compared to a year to date cut of 250bp by the US and 225bp by the UK, the ECB seems to be lagging behind the curve. Now that the region has officially hit a recession, it is possible that they will be more aggressive in easing rates. The ECB has the power to organize a continuous program of such policy implementation since their target rate is one of the highest, outside of Australia and New Zealand. The only factor holding them back is inflation pressures. Although producer and consumer prices have been easing, the central bank is not entirely convinced that the upside risks to prices have alleviated.

Bank of England – 100bp Cut Expected on 12/04

The Bank of England has been the most aggressive and proactive of the G-10 central banks in their attempts to ease monetary policy. The most recent cut of 150bp was a huge surprise to all traders and represents the largest single meeting cut to occur for any of the major central banks during the financial crisis. However what was even more shocking was the fact that the minutes from the most recent monetary policy meeting in early November suggested that they considered an even larger interest rate cut. Going into the December monetary policy decision, the market expects the BoE to ease by another 100bp. With the economy in a recession according to UK officials, interest rates could fall as low as 1% if the crisis continues well into the New Year. The BoE’s ability to cut by such a sizable amount was also reflected in the fact that inflation, once the primary concern, has eased considerably in the last few months. In addition to monetary stimulus, the UK government has been at the forefront of bank bailouts and fiscal stimulus.

Bank of Japan – No Rate Cut Expected on 12/19

After cutting interest rates by 20bp last month’s meeting, the Bank of Japan left interest rates unchanged in November. It is unlikely that we will see much more easing as officials have expressed a certain sense of reluctance in bringing rates back to zero. The Japanese are all too familiar with the implications of such rates and will be forced to look for new methods to ease the financial strain on the country. Masaaki Shirakawa, the BoJ Chairman, informed the Bank’s staff to, “swiftly examine and report possible changes in the treatment of corporate debt as collateral, as well as possible ways to enhance flexibility in funds-supplying operations collateralized by corporate debt.” Such statement seem to indicate that, while we will unlikely see much in the way of new rate cuts, we will see new initiatives that focus on shoring up lending and improving liquidity.

Bank of Canada – 50bp Cut Expected on 12/09

On October 21, the Bank of Canada cut interest rates by 25bp to 2.25 percent, the lowest level since October 2004. Although the size of the rate cut was smaller than the market had anticipated, the BoC had already cut interest rates by 50bp on October 8th. Mark Carney, the Governor of the Bank of Canada, has been very vocal in explaining his thoughts on the health of the Canadian economy. Carney comments can be summed up in this statement, “the risks to growth and inflation in Canada appear to have shifted to the downside…some further monetary stimulus will likely be required to achieve the inflation target over the medium term.” We can rarely expect such a “cut and dry” statement from a central bank official. He leaves little to question. However, he does note that the economy does have some strong areas, specifically domestic demand (retail sales rose 1.1 percent in the month of September). The BoC governor also noted that the weakness in the Canadian dollar has picked up some slack from the declines in international demand. The market expects the central bank to ease interest rates by another 50bp at the next meeting, which would take rates down to 1.75 percent. Canadian interest rates have not been below 2 percent since the 1960.

Reserve Bank of Australia -100bp Cut Expected on 12/02

The Reserve Bank of Australia has definitely not sat idly by watching its economy deteriorate. Along with 175bp of easing this year, the central bank has also resorted to intervening in the currency markets to support its currency. Intervention has been a very controversial monetary tactic because it simply does not have a good record. However, such desperation does indicate that the bank is having a tough time dealing with the consequences of rate cuts. A target rate of 5.25 percent leaves the RBA with plenty of opportunity for additional easing in the future. However, the RBA minutes explain that the 75bp cut made at the last meeting would be necessary in that “there was an advantage in moving the setting of monetary policy quickly to a neutral position.” Regardless of such a statement, the market still believes that the RBA will cut interest rates by 100 to 125bp at the December meeting.

Reserve Bank of New Zealand – 150bp Cut Expected on 12/03

The Reserve Bank of New Zealand cut interest rates rates by a full percentage point in October, citing “ongoing financial market turmoil and a deteriorating outlook for global growth. In a statement published in an article released by the RBNZ, the bank notes that “global developments have proven extremely disruptive and it will likely be some time before financial market conditions normalize. The Bank will continue to adopt measures as needed to maintain the stability of our financial system as far as possible in these difficult times.”Once again we see some very dovish statements made explicitly from central banks. The recession embattled country has plenty of ammunition as rates are at the very high level of 6.50%. While zero percent interest rates may not be a possibility, it is possible that we will be surprised by some extremely aggressive cuts. The market currently expects the RBNZ to cut as much as 1.5 percentage points in December and eventually take interest rates down to 5 percent. It is also important to note that rates have not fallen below 4.50% in the last ten years.

Swiss National Bank – 50bp Cut Expected on 12/11

The Swiss National Bank surprised the market by delivering a full percentage point intermeeting rate cut. Citing the obvious fact that international economic conditions have worsened, the central bank made its largest one day rate change in eight years. The economy has weakened substantially due to the fact they have a large exposure to the banking sector. The Swiss National Bank hopes that the move will provide the market with a generous and flexible supply of liquidity. The bank’s continuous issuance of surprise rate decisions leads us to believe that more can be expected. Many economists expect the SNB to continue cutting interest rates to 0.5 percent.

This article has been reposted from Kathy Lien. The full post can also be viewed on KathyLien.com.

China's Bailout Hype Fizzles

It seems everyone was excited about the news of China's bailout for their financial system, however, that excitement was short lived. Kathy Lien points out in her blog post below that investors had simply pinned too much hope on China. Kathy also makes recommendations on currency trades that should do well in the current recession.

US equities turned as traders realize that everyone is pinning too much hope on China. The reality is that China’s stimulus plan will not save the global financial and economic crisis. Instead, the only thing that is assured is that at one fifth of 2007 GDP, China will have less money to spend on financing the US’ current account deficit.

China: Not the Answer to Everyone’s Problems

Every country is doing their best at stimulating domestic growth and that is exactly what China is focused on right now. Their priorities are at home and not abroad and their plans to invest in low-rent housing, infrastructure, rebuilding programs and tax breaks on capital spending are aimed at helping their economy cool at a more manageable pace. However it is not a bailout for the financial market and will not be enough to stimulate global growth. Some foreign manufacturing and construction companies will benefit from China’s investment in infrastructure, but the bottom line is that like the rest of the plans announced by developed governments, it shifts and not creates wealth. We also don’t think that it is a coincidence that China made its announcement ahead of a busy data week that will surely confirm the continued weakness in the Chinese economy. With a need to focus domestically, Chinese demand for dollar denominated investments will decrease, especially after some particularly nasty losses incurred at the Sovereign Wealth Fund.

Will there be Fireworks at the November 15 Meeting?

World leaders will be headed to Washington for the Economic Summit on November 14 and 15. The hope is that we will see more detailed proposals on dealing with the economic crisis. Unfortunately as the date nears, investors are starting to realize that no substantial changes may come out of the meeting. With a little more than 2 months before the leadership changes in the US, the current administration may not want to commit to any major policy changes. But if they do, that is exactly what can turn the financial markets around (US President-elect Barack Obama has announced that he will not be attending the financial Summit). Although G20 finance ministers and central bankers pledged to jointly tackle the global financial crisis at this weekend’s G20 meeting, the disagreement between more or less state controls are becoming increasingly clear. It remains to be seen whether there will be fireworks at this weekend’s emergency summit.

Recession Trades Still On

As long as US economic data continues to head towards multi-decade lows and concerns about earnings plague the financial markets, recession trades are still on. My favorite are short USD/JPY and short EUR/JPY.

Earnings forecasts have been cut for the 3 Gs - Google, Goldman Sachs and General Motors. With some analysts issuing a price forecast of zero for GM, the US economy and the financial markets are in for more trouble. Coming back to haunt us is AIG - the US government has been forced to hike its bailout of the insurance giant from the $85 billion in September to $150 billion. I wonder who else will be asking the US government for more money.

This article has been reposted from Kathy Lien. The full post can also be viewed on KathyLien.com.

Who’s Going To Buy American Debt Now?

Yesterday I read an interesting piece from Money Week by Richard Benson; the title of the article was “Who will pay for America’s Bailout?” As my regular readers know, this has been a huge question on my mind. We certainly know that Americans aren’t going to buy up all the U.S. debt, because we don’t have the money to do so. Sure, Americans will buy up some of it, but our debt is increasingly being purchased by foreign countries. Naturally, we would have to assume that they will also be relied on to help finance our new trillion-dollar bailout. Benson points out in his article, though, that there might be a problem with that thinking.

Benson explains that one reason why foreign countries buy up U.S. debt is because American consumers are buying their products. As we buy low-cost goods from China and oil from the Middle East, we give those countries dollars in exchange for their goods. With those dollars, they then turn around and buy U.S. treasuries and other U.S. financial assets. But that series of events could be in jeopardy.

Benson theorizes that, as the U.S. trade deficit narrows and economic hardship further expands into American households, we are going to be sending fewer and fewer of our dollars abroad. With fewer dollars coming in, Benson foresees less interest from foreign countries in buying U.S. debt. The following is from Benson’s article:

“The financial markets are going to slowly realize that the only reason foreign central banks bought Treasuries is because the US bought their goods first! China, as one example, realizes our money is not that good and will take an interest in holding dollars only because we are buying goods and services from them. Foreign countries have no reason to buy massive amounts of Treasury debt unless we buy something from them first.”

Since the U.S. economy cannot function without borrowing obscene amounts of money, we will be left with two options. We can either pay more for the debt, and hope that increases interest to the necessary level, or we can print the money we need. There is, of course, an option three of defaulting on our debt and declaring a nation bankruptcy of sorts, but in reality that is unlikely to ever happen, considering we have the power to print our own money.

Since we can ill afford to pay ever-higher interest rates on our debt for long we would end up looking at option number two at some point. Where does printing more money lead us? You guessed it: Inflation. Benson ends his article with this investment advice:

“My investment plan remains the same. I expect real assets will greatly out-perform financial assets. First, I want to buy gold and silver in physical form whenever I can. In the world of inflation, while cash is king, gold is the emperor! Second, I look to accumulate real assets if they are quality assets and the prices have crashed down. So, I do believe that in a few years even real estate will again be a great inflation hedge!”

America’s Huge Debt To Foreign Countries Leaves It Vulnerable

We talk a lot about how huge America’s debt is (about $9.7 trillion), but what doesn’t often get addressed is the ramifications of holding this debt. Rather than focus on the obvious ones, like enormous debt service payments, and the impact on the dollar, I am going to talk a little bit about the foreign dependence side of things. Americans as a whole don’t save much, if anything. In fact, recently we actually dipped into a negative savings rate as populace, spending more than we earned. Since Americans have been saving less and less, this means that we are leaning more and more on foreign countries to fund our expenditures.

More than 25 percent of the national debt is held by foreigners, according to the U.S. Treasury website. It is not outlandish to think that this could potentially pose a serious political problem. If, say China or Japan--the top two holders of U.S. debt--were to attack an ally country of ours, even though we would want to step in we might instead do nothing for fear that the attacker might take actions to damage our currency or economy. Think of it as a card that these countries have in their hats which they could play whenever it benefits them.

Another potential problem that arises out of this is our dependence on foreign countries. We need them in order to function as a country right now. If, for whatever reason, foreign governments decided tomorrow that they were going to stop buying U.S. debt, we would be in a world of hurt. While it is unlikely that this would happen overnight, as our debt load increases and more alternative options become available elsewhere, it is not outlandish to think that slowly but surely, foreign governments will start moving away from U.S. treasuries. This is already happening to some extent as more and more foreign governments are diversifying into Euros and other higher-performing assets via sovereign funds.

America’s dependence on foreign countries to fund our debt is concerning without a doubt, but at least in the immediate future it is not an insurmountable problem. We as a country need to acknowledge that there is a problem and take steps to correct it. To slow down the increases of foreign debt we need to start cutting back on imports and increase our exports. Obviously this is easier said than done, considering how we have become addicted to low cost imports, but it is necessary in order to balance the equation out.

Europe’s Economic Outlook Doesn’t Appear Much Better Than U.S.

Seeing how the U.S. dollar, along with most other world currencies for that matter, has fallen against the Euro, one would think that the Euro Zone (countries of the European Union which use the Euro) was in great financial shape, but that isn’t necessarily the case. Spain and Ireland in particular are suffering mightily as they were unable to control the booms (see One Interest Rate, 13 Economies article), and now busts of their economies. The two stalwarts of the Euro Zone, France and Germany, have been holding the Euro up thus far, but now even their economies are starting to feel the heat. Oh, and don’t forget about the U.K.--even though they are not part of the Euro Zone, they are one of the largest economies in Europe and their outlook looks especially grim.

The German ZEW economic sentiment indicator has plunged to a record low, French business confidence has dropped, retail sales are down sharply and European companies are starting to default on their debt at alarming levels, according to Money Morning, an e-mail newsletter from MoneyWeek magazine. These are all obviously negative signs that point to the fact that the Euro Zone is heading in the wrong direction economically.

The U.K. isn’t doing all that great either. The U.K. had the same sort of run up in housing prices experienced in the U.S., only their down cycle is just beginning. Furthermore, their economy is driven by two key industries, construction and finance, both which are doing extremely poorly right now.

Even with the troubles being experienced in the U.S. the dollar could regain some ground against the Euro and British pound. While this might please travelers who are looking to visit Europe in the near future, there is a big concern to keep in mind with all this. When we talk about struggles in the U.S. and Europe, we are talking about the largest importing countries in the world. You can bet that if all these countries struggle at the same time, it will be felt across the world. We very well could be headed for a serious global recession of sorts, and investors certainly should be keeping that in mind.

Forget Talk Of A U.S. Recession, What About Canada?

In the first quarter this year, Canada’s economy shrank by 0.3 percent, according to Bloomberg. So while all the talk is about a U.S. recession, surprisingly, Canada may just beat us to the punch.

This news came as a shock to me because of how strong Canada’s economy has been, including their oil industry. The biggest problem area apparently was the auto industry. If the auto- and auto-related industries were removed from the, calculations then Canada’s economy would have actually still grown, according to Bloomberg. The biggest importer of Canadian automobiles, of course, is the U.S. and we just aren’t buying too many cars right now. Not only is Canada suffering from the drop in consumer confidence in the U.S., which is the number one importer of Canadian goods, but more importantly, Canada is suffering from their strong currency.

Ever since the Canadian dollar surged against the U.S. dollar, the trade balance between the countries has changed. Canadians are buying more U.S. goods and the U.S. is buying fewer Canadian goods because the U.S. goods are comparatively cheaper thanks to the weak U.S. dollar. Now the Bank of Canada is likely to cut interest rates in response. This should lead to the Canadian dollar dropping against the dollar, as it already has begun to do.

Fed Cuts Interest Rates By 0.75 Points: U.S. Dollar Now Second Lowest Yielding Major Currency

Yesterday, the Fed did what everyone expected by cutting interest rates. The 0.75 point interest rate cut was lower than the full 1 point rate cut that futures traders were expecting, but within the range most people expected. It is doubtful that this interest rate cut will revive the economy for more than a brief showing on the stock market, and most people expect further interest rate cuts in the future. President Bush also mentioned yesterday that he is willing to take further measures to revive the economy, but first he wants to see how his economic stimulus package pans out.

Rather than discussing future cuts and policies, let’s talk about the present: The U.S. dollar is now the second lowest yielding major currency. The lowest yielding currency is the Japanese yen, which has pretty much maintained that title since Japan’s financial meltdown in the '90s (see previous post: Could The U.S. Be Headed For A Recession Similar To Japan's In The '90s?), which was eerily similar to the one the U.S. is experiencing. The U.S. dollar yields 2.25 percent, while Japanese yen yields 0.5 percent. The dollar still has some room to fall before it gets that low, but it is well on its way.

Why is the yield of a currency important?

Investors want to see return on their money, so if they aren’t getting the returns they seek at home, they will start to look elsewhere. For a good example of this, we can look to Japan. The Japanese don’t want to keep their savings in yen because they earn almost nothing on it, and with inflation is higher than interest rates, they are actually losing money. Because of this, people take their savings elsewhere. As more people sell off their yen, the currency goes lower.

There are also the carry traders who borrow money at low interest rates and invest that money in higher yielding currencies hoping to profit from the yield difference. Again, these traders are selling the low-yielding currency (lowering its value further) and buying higher yielding currencies (raising their value). Carry trading has become popular of late, and its power to move currencies should not be overlooked.

For the reasons mentioned above and others, as currencies decrease their yield their value goes down, and as the yields get raised the currency value goes up. The fact that the U.S. keeps lowering the dollar yield is further reason to believe that the dollar will continue its slide.

Say Goodbye To The Once Mighty U.S. Dollar

I think that almost everyone is aware that the U.S. dollar is struggling, but many are not truly aware of the severity of the situation. The Associated Press released an article yesterday which talked about some of the issues. It mainly focuses on how many businesses in foreign countries no longer accepting the U.S. dollar, but it also talks about some of the underlying issues as well. Here are some excerpts:

“Experts say the bleak U.S. economic forecast means it will take years for the greenback to recover its value and prestige.”

“The dollar has steadily eroded in value against the euro and other currencies since 2002 as U.S. budget and trade deficits ballooned, but fears of an American recession and credit crisis have sent the dollar to stunning lows amid predictions the slump will continue for a long time.”

“The dollar fell to a 12-year low against the Japanese yen Thursday, dropping below 100 yen to the dollar for the first time since November 1995. The euro rose to all time high and is currently trading above $1.55. Meanwhile gold hit a new benchmark today at $1,000 an ounce. That's a jump of nearly 20 percent just since Jan. 1.”

“While dollar cycles have come and gone, experts caution that it's now much more difficult to predict when this one will end because the euro didn't exist as competition for the dollar before.”

“During previous U.S. economic downturns, big foreign funds typically snapped up U.S. Treasury securities, helping to shore up the dollar to a certain degree. But the euro and currencies from other nations are now seen as legitimate options, and interest rates are higher outside the United States — meaning the funds can get better returns on investments elsewhere.”

“Nations that were once seen as incredibly risky for investments — such as Brazil — are now seen as good long-term bets.”

I have long been warning that the U.S. dollar was on the way down, as many other financial experts have been, but many people still seem to be in denial of the situation. Those who are still in denial need to wake up...and fast. The problems in the U.S. are going to be around for a while, and, in the meantime, investors need to look at diversifying across currencies in order to maintain the integrity of their investments’ value. Stubborn investors who refuse to abandon (or at least strongly diversify) the dollar, are likely to be very unhappy and very poor.